Virtual reality application in pilotage training: a comparative analysis of real flights
Abstract
Virtual reality technology has been in a development trend since 1966 when it was used as a flight simulator. Since this technology emerged as a training area, has been used in the public sector for 25 years. According to the purpose of study, three main flight stages are determined. These are take-off stage, controlling air movements in traffic pattern, approach and landing stage. External and internal controls, engine start, taxi and take-off tasks are analysed under take-off stage. Climb, ascending, and cruise flight, low and normal bank turns, turns in climb and descent, speed altitude tracking tasks are analysed under controlling air movements in traffic pattern. Triangulation tracking, approach pattern, landing, and leaving the runway, taxiing tasks are analysed under approach and landing stage. Forty one pilotage students are analysed, and the findings showed a statistical difference between VR and real flight performances in Speed Altitude Tracking, Approach Pattern tasks that real flight scores were relatively higher. Additionally, a statistical difference was found between VR and Real Flight Performances related to Approach and Landing stage different from two other stages. To summarize, a significant similarity in terms of grades between VR and real flight experience was found excluding two tasks.
Keyword : virtual reality, real flight, pilotage training, flight stages, flight tasks
How to Cite
Inan, T. T., & Gunes, M. B. (2024). Virtual reality application in pilotage training: a comparative analysis of real flights. Aviation, 28(4), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.22673
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Bahcesehir University. (2021). The usage of virtual reality system in pilotage training (Scientific Research Project, BAP.2021.03.07). Bahcesehir University.
Cakmakci, O., & Rolland, J. (2006). Head-worn displays: A review. Journal of Display Technology, 2(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1109/JDT.2006.879846
Chen, H. W., Lee, J. H., Lin, B. Y., Chen, S., & Wu, S. T. (2018). Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: Present status and future perspectives. Light: Science & Applications, 7(3), Article 17168. https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2017.168
Cheung, S. K., Fong, S., Fong, J., Wang, W., & Kwok, L. F. (Eds.) (2013). Hybrid learning and continuing education (Vol. 8038). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39750-9
Diamond Aircraft Industries Inc. (2012). Airplane flight manual Diamond Aircraft DA20-C1. https://encoreflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Pilot-Operating-Handbook-Diamond-DA20.pdf
Dreyer, D., Oberhauser, M., & Bandow, D. (2014, July). HUD symbology evaluation in a virtual reality flight simulation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace (pp. 1–6). ACM Digital Library. https://doi.org/10.1145/2669592.2669652
Ferracani, A., Pezzatini, D., & Del Bimbo, A. (2014). A natural and immersive virtual interface for the surgical safety checklist training. In S. Göbel & W. Effelsberg (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Workshop on Serious Games (pp. 27–32). ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2656719.2656725
Horowitz, K. (2004). Sega VR: Great idea or wishful thinking? Sega-16 Forum. https://www.sega-16.com/2004/12/sega-vr-great-idea-or-wishful-thinking/
Huang, H. M., Rauch, U., & Liaw, S. S. (2010). Investigating learners’ attitudes toward virtual reality learning environments: Based on a constructivist approach. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1171–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.05.014
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Jorna, P. G. A. M., & Hoogeboom, P. J. (2004). Evaluating the flight deck. In Human factors for civil flight deck design (pp. 235–275). Ashgate.
Kavanagh, S., Luxton-Reilly, A., Wuensche, B., & Plimmer, B. (2017). A systematic review of virtual reality in education. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 10(2), 85–119.
Kelly, B. D. (2004). Flight deck design and integration for commercial air transport. In D. Harris (Ed.), Human factors for civil flight deck design. Routledge.
Khor, W. S., Baker, B., Amin, K., Chan, A., Patel, K., & Wong, J. (2016). Augmented and virtual reality in surgery – the digital surgical environment: Applications, limitations and legal pitfalls. Annals of Translational Medicine, 4(23). https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.12.23
Kushner, D. (2014). Virtual reality‘s moment. IEEE Spectrum, 51(1), 34–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2014.6701429
Martins, N., Martin-Sanroman, J., & Suárez-Carballo, F. (2020). The design process in the improvement of the experience between a brand and its target audience through a digital product: The Lexus Portugal’s used car website case study. Advances in Science, Technology and Engneering Systems Journal, 5(5), 620–629. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj050576
Oberhauser, M., & Dreyer, D. (2017). A virtual reality flight simulator for human factors engineering. Cognition, Technology & Work, 19(2), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-017-0421-7
Oberhauser, M., Dreyer, D., Convard, T., & Mamessier, S. (2016). Rapid integration and evaluation of functional HMI components in a virtual reality aircraft cockpit. In Advances in ergonomics in design (pp. 17–24). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41983-1_2
Oberhauser, M., Dreyer, D., Mamessier, S., Convard, T., Bandow, D., & Hillebrand, A. (2015, August). Bridging the gap between desktop research and full flight simulators for human factors research. In International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (pp. 460–471). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20373-7_44
Page, R. L. (2000). Brief history of flight simulation. In SimTecT 2000 Proceedings (pp. 11–17). Semantic Scholar.
Phakamach, P., Senarith, P., & Wachirawongpaisarn, S. (2022). The metaverse in education: The future of immersive teaching & learning. RICE Journal of Creative Entrepreneurship and Management, 3(2), 75–88.
Quigley, M. (2009). ROS: An open-source Robot Operating System. In ICRA Workshop of the Open Source Software (ICRA). ResearchGate.
Quigley, M., Conley, K., Gerkey, B., Faust, J., Foote, T., Leibs, J., & Ng, A. Y. (2009, May). ROS: An open-source robot operating system. In Workshops at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Vol. 3, p. 5). BibSonomy.
Raposo, D., Martins, N., & Brandão, D. (2021). Advances in human dynamics for the development of contemporary societies. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80415-2
Reuzeau, F., & Nibbelke, R. (2004). Flight deck design process. In Human factors for civil flight deck design (pp. 33–55). Ashgate.
Rizzo, A. A., Bowerly, T., Buckwalter, J. G., Klimchuk, D., Mitura, R., & Parsons, T. D. (2009). A virtual reality scenario for all seasons: The virtual classroom. CNS Spectrums, 11(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900024196
Salvatier, J., Wiecki, T. V., & Fonnesbeck, C. (2016). Probabilistic programming in Python using PyMC3. PeerJ Computer Science, 2, Article e55. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.55
Seidametova, Z. S., Abduramanov, Z. S., & Seydametov, G. S. (2021, July). Using augmented reality for architecture artifacts visualizations. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings. KDPU. https://doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4626
Sharma, S., Agada, R., & Ruffin, J. (2013). Virtual reality classroom as a constructivist approach. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Southeastcon (pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SECON.2013.6567441
Sun, J. C. Y., Ye, S. L., Yu, S. J., & Chiu, T. K. (2023). Effects of wearable hybrid AR/VR learning material on high school students’ situational interest, engagement, and learning performance: The case of a physics laboratory learning environment. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 32(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-022-10001-4
Tan, Y., Xu, W., Li, S., & Chen, K. (2022). Augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) for education and training in the AEC industry: A systematic review of research and applications. Buildings, 12(10), Article 1529. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101529
Trinon, H. (2019). Immersive Technologies for Virtual Reality – Case study: Flight simulator for pilot training [Master’s Thesis, Hec Liege, Management School].
West, N. (1995). AOU: Coin-op houses unveil ’95 line-up. NEXT Generation, 6(June). https://archive.org/details/nextgen-issue-006#page/n23/mode/2up
Zhan, T., Yin, K., Xiong, J., He, Z., & Wu, S. T. (2020). Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: Perspectives and challenges. Iscience, 23(8), Article 101397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101397