Decoding spatial layout patterns of traditional houses in urban kampung settlements
Abstract
Understanding and identifying the spatial layout patterns of traditional houses is a pivotal feature for preserving and enhancing the cultural heritage of twelve houses which have been an object to be studied. This research investigates a comprehensive study to understand a particular architectural plan in a participative community of design processing on decoding spatial layout patterns through a generative Justified Plan Graph (g-JPG) as a grammatical spatial approach. This research examines the grammar using the rule-based spatial structure of traditional housing in three urban kampung in Indonesia. This method applies three procedures, such as collecting data, extracting jpg grammar, and formulating jpg grammar. Regarding the investigated result, indigenous and non-indigenous dwellers have mostly constructed the spatial configuration axially and created a spatial penetration or intersectional space on movement by generating and distancing social concept long models in their traditional houses. Another finding is that the houses’ spatial layouts are integrated as spacious hall-centred, representing a rule-structure and form-based. It is found that this study can serve as a valuable resource for architects and researchers who are interested in preserving and revitalizing the architectural identity of traditional housing.
Keyword : justified plan graph, spatial pattern, traditional houses
How to Cite
Asriana, N., & Khidmat, R. P. (2024). Decoding spatial layout patterns of traditional houses in urban kampung settlements. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 48(2), 151–175. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2024.20832
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns, building, construction. Oxford University Press.
Alitajer, S., & Molavi Nojoumi, G. (2016). Privacy at home: Analysis of behavioral patterns in the spatial configuration of traditional and modern houses in the city of Hamedan based on the notion of space syntax. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.02.003
Asriana, N. (2021). Pedestrian behavior for developing strategy in tourism area; Agent-based simulation. DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment), 48(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.48.1.65-74
Asriana, N., Firmansyah, & Indraprastha, A. (2017). Agent-based modeling as reevaluating design strategy for urban creative tourism experience (case study: Under Ampera Bridge, SMB Plaza). In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Arte-Polis (pp. 349–359). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5481-5_34
Asriana, N., & Indraprastha, A. (2016). Making sense of agent-based simulation: Developing design strategy for pedestrian-centric urban space. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia CAADRIA 2016 – Living Systems and Micro-Utopias: Towards Continuous Designing (pp. 343–352), Hong Kong. https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2016.343
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Ayyıldız, S., & Durak, Ş. (2024). Space syntax analysis of the spatial configuration of Yalova traditional rural houses. Nexus Network Journal, 26(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-023-00746-9
Balmer, J., & Swisher, M. T. (2019). Diagramming the big idea. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429506673
Barkat, R., Bada, Y., & Guney, Y. I. (2021). Genotype syntactic study of vernacular houses in Biskra city. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 9(2), 703–719. https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2021.177
Barkat, R., Bada, Y., İnce Güney, Y., & Hamzaoui, H. (2020). Using the space syntax analysis to examine the spatial configuration of houses layouts and its transformation over time in Biskra city. Proceedings of the International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism-ICCAUA, 3(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.38027/N52020ICCAUA316359
Batty, M. (2022). Integrating space syntax with spatial interaction. Urban Informatics, 1(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-022-00004-2
Benrós, D., Hanna, S., & Duarte, J. P. (2014). A generic shape grammar for the Palladian villa, Malagueira house, and Prairie house. In Design computing and cognition ’12 (pp. 321–340). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9112-0_18
Brown, R., & Maudlin, D. (2012). Concepts of vernacular architecture. In The SAGE handbook of architectural theory (pp. 340–368). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446201756.n21
Byun, N., & Choi, J. (2016). A typology of Korean housing units: In search of spatial configuration. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 15(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.41
Can, I., & Heath, T. (2016). In-between spaces and social interaction: A morphological analysis of Izmir using space syntax. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 31(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-015-9442-9
Chu, K., & Wu, M. (2022). The traditional settlement planning and the renovation of residential buildings based on spatial syntax analysis. Soft Computing, 26(16), 7809–7815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-06796-4
Dawes, M. J., & Ostwald, M. J. (2013). Applications of graph theory in architectural analysis: Past, present and future research. Nova Science.
Djezzar, S., & Bada, Y. (2023). Decoding socio-spatial structural constants in syntactic analysis of a rural settlement. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 11(3), 192–213. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.11.3_192
Jorge-Huertas, V. D., & Jorge-Moreno, J. D. (2024). Typology and interiority of cohousing in Europe 1981–2021. Interiority, 7(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.7454/in.v7i1.317
Economou, A. (2000). Shape grammars in architectural design studio. In ACSA Technology Conference (Vol. 7, pp. 75–81), Hong Kong.
Eilouti, B. H., & Hamamieh Al Shaar, M. J. (2012). Shape grammars of traditional Damascene houses. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 6(4), 415–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2011.575530
Elizondo, L. (2022). A justified plan graph analysis of social housing in Mexico (1974–2019): Spatial transformations and social implications. Nexus Network Journal, 24(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-021-00568-7
Esposito, D., Santoro, S., & Camarda, D. (2020). Agent-based analysis of urban spaces using space syntax and spatial cognition approaches: A case study in Bari, Italy. Sustainability, 12(11), Article 4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114625
Funo, S., Yamamoto, N., & Silas, J. (2002). Typology of Kampung houses and their transformation process--A study on urban tissues of an Indonesian city. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1(2), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.1.2_193
Grasl, T. (2012). Transformational Palladians. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 39(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1068/b37059
Hacini, C. E., Bada, Y., & Pihet, C. (2022). The mobility of people with disability: Between urban accessibility and urban attractiveness. A case study from Algiers, Algeria. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.10.2_38
Hanson, J. (1998). Decoding homes and houses. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518294
Hanson, J. (1999a). An introduction to the study of houses. In Decoding homes and houses (pp. 1–55). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518294.001
Hanson, J. (1999b). Decoding dwellings: The way ahead. In Decoding homes and houses (pp. 269–313). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518294.010
Hasgul, E. (2015). Space as configuration: Patterns of space [Conference presentation]. ARCHTHEO 9th Theory and History of Architecture Conference, Istanbul, Turkey.
Hillier, B. (1984). The analysis of settlement layouts. In The social logic of space (pp. 82–142). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597237.005
Hillier, B. (1996a). Space is the machine. Cambridge University Press.
Hillier, B. (1996b). Space is the machine: A configurational theory of architecture (electronic ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Hillier, B. (2019). Structure or: Does space syntax need to radically extend its theory of spatial configuration? [Proceedings paper]. The 12th Space Syntax Symposium, Beijing, China. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10078527/1/2019_Hillier_keynote.pdf
Hillier, B., & Hanson, J. (1984). The social logic of space. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597237
Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., & Xu, J. (1993). Natural movement: Or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 20(1), 29–66. https://doi.org/10.1068/b200029
Kim, H.-K., & Sohn, D. W. (2002). An analysis of the relationship between land use density of office buildings and urban street configuration: Case studies of two areas in Seoul by space syntax analysis. Cities, 19(6), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(02)00071-9
Kishimoto, T., & Taguchi, M. (2014). Spatial configuration of Japanese elementary schools: Analyses by the space syntax and evaluation by school teachers. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 13(2), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.13.373
Krier, R. (2010). Architectural composition. Edition Axel Menges.
Krstic, D. (1999). Constructing algebras of design. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 26(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1068/b260045
Lee, J. H., Ostwald, M. J., & Gu, N. (2013). Combining space syntax and shape grammar to investigate architectural style: Considering Glenn Murcutt’s domestic designs. In Y. O. Kim, H. T. Park, & K. W. Seo (Eds.), The Ninth International Space Syntax Symposium. Sejong University.
Lee, J. H., Ostwald, M. J., & Gu, N. (2018). A Justified Plan Graph (JPG) grammar approach to identifying spatial design patterns in an architectural style. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 45(1), 67–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813516665618
Mahfoud, S., Bada, Y., & Cutini, V. (2022). The impact of the urban structure on the public squares uses: A syntactic analysis. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 92–110. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.10.2_92
Muslimin, R. (2023). Experience grammar: Creative space planning with generative graph and shape for early design stage. Buildings, 13(4), Article 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040869
Ostwald, M. J. (2011). The mathematics of spatial configuration: Revisiting, revising and critiquing justified plan graph theory. Nexus Network Journal, 13(2), 445–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-011-0075-3
Penn, A., Hillier, B., Banister, D., & Xu, J. (1998). Configurational modelling of urban movement networks. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 25(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1068/b250059
Prayitno, B. (2017). Co-habitation Space: A model for urban informal settlement consolidation for the heritage city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 16(3), 527–534. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.16.527
Pressman, A. (2012). Designing architecture: The elements of process. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203122174
Sari, I. K., Nuryanti, W., & Ikaputra, I. (2020). Phenotype, genotype, and environment, case study: Traditional Malay house, West Borneo, Indonesia. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202005.0034.v1
Sharmin, S., & Kamruzzaman, Md. (2018). Meta-analysis of the relationships between space syntax measures and pedestrian movement. Transport Reviews, 38(4), 524–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1365101
Stiny, G. (1990). What is a design? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 17, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1068/b170097
Thiraponghaiboon, T., & Hanna, S. (2019). Spatial distribution of building use: Recognition and prediction of use with machine learning [Proceedings paper]. The 12th Space Syntax Symposium, Beijing, China. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10080662/
Turner, A., Doxa, M., O’Sullivan, D., & Penn, A. (2001). From isovists to visibility graphs: A methodology for the analysis of architectural space. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28(1), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1068/b2684
van Nes, A., & Yamu, C. (2021). Introduction to space syntax in urban studies. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59140-3
Yamu, C., van Nes, A., & Garau, C. (2021). Bill Hillier’s legacy: Space syntax—a synopsis of basic concepts, measures, and empirical application. Sustainability, 13, Article 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063394
Yoas, J., & Muslimin, R. (2023). Spatial adaptation rules of extension building in traditional architecture: Case study of Batak Toba houses and their extensions in North Sumatera, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (Vol. 1, pp. 747–756), Hong Kong. https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.1.747
Zerouati, W., & Bellal, T. (2020). Evaluating the impact of mass housings’ in-between spaces’ spatial configuration on users’ social interaction. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.05.005
Ahmed, B., Hasan, R., & Maniruzzaman, K. M. (2014). Urban morphological change analysis of Dhaka City, Bangladesh, using space syntax. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 3(4), 1412–1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041412
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns, building, construction. Oxford University Press.
Alitajer, S., & Molavi Nojoumi, G. (2016). Privacy at home: Analysis of behavioral patterns in the spatial configuration of traditional and modern houses in the city of Hamedan based on the notion of space syntax. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.02.003
Asriana, N. (2021). Pedestrian behavior for developing strategy in tourism area; Agent-based simulation. DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment), 48(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.48.1.65-74
Asriana, N., Firmansyah, & Indraprastha, A. (2017). Agent-based modeling as reevaluating design strategy for urban creative tourism experience (case study: Under Ampera Bridge, SMB Plaza). In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Arte-Polis (pp. 349–359). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5481-5_34
Asriana, N., & Indraprastha, A. (2016). Making sense of agent-based simulation: Developing design strategy for pedestrian-centric urban space. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia CAADRIA 2016 – Living Systems and Micro-Utopias: Towards Continuous Designing (pp. 343–352), Hong Kong. https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2016.343
Asriana, N., Khidmat, R. P., Jaya, M. A., Ujung, V. A., Satria, W. D., & Andriani, R. (2024). Syntactic analysis of traditional houses in urban kampung. Built Heritage, 8(1), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-024-00140-5
Ayyıldız, S., & Durak, Ş. (2024). Space syntax analysis of the spatial configuration of Yalova traditional rural houses. Nexus Network Journal, 26(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-023-00746-9
Balmer, J., & Swisher, M. T. (2019). Diagramming the big idea. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429506673
Barkat, R., Bada, Y., & Guney, Y. I. (2021). Genotype syntactic study of vernacular houses in Biskra city. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 9(2), 703–719. https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2021.177
Barkat, R., Bada, Y., İnce Güney, Y., & Hamzaoui, H. (2020). Using the space syntax analysis to examine the spatial configuration of houses layouts and its transformation over time in Biskra city. Proceedings of the International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism-ICCAUA, 3(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.38027/N52020ICCAUA316359
Batty, M. (2022). Integrating space syntax with spatial interaction. Urban Informatics, 1(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44212-022-00004-2
Benrós, D., Hanna, S., & Duarte, J. P. (2014). A generic shape grammar for the Palladian villa, Malagueira house, and Prairie house. In Design computing and cognition ’12 (pp. 321–340). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9112-0_18
Brown, R., & Maudlin, D. (2012). Concepts of vernacular architecture. In The SAGE handbook of architectural theory (pp. 340–368). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446201756.n21
Byun, N., & Choi, J. (2016). A typology of Korean housing units: In search of spatial configuration. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 15(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.41
Can, I., & Heath, T. (2016). In-between spaces and social interaction: A morphological analysis of Izmir using space syntax. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 31(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-015-9442-9
Chu, K., & Wu, M. (2022). The traditional settlement planning and the renovation of residential buildings based on spatial syntax analysis. Soft Computing, 26(16), 7809–7815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-06796-4
Dawes, M. J., & Ostwald, M. J. (2013). Applications of graph theory in architectural analysis: Past, present and future research. Nova Science.
Djezzar, S., & Bada, Y. (2023). Decoding socio-spatial structural constants in syntactic analysis of a rural settlement. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 11(3), 192–213. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.11.3_192
Jorge-Huertas, V. D., & Jorge-Moreno, J. D. (2024). Typology and interiority of cohousing in Europe 1981–2021. Interiority, 7(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.7454/in.v7i1.317
Economou, A. (2000). Shape grammars in architectural design studio. In ACSA Technology Conference (Vol. 7, pp. 75–81), Hong Kong.
Eilouti, B. H., & Hamamieh Al Shaar, M. J. (2012). Shape grammars of traditional Damascene houses. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 6(4), 415–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2011.575530
Elizondo, L. (2022). A justified plan graph analysis of social housing in Mexico (1974–2019): Spatial transformations and social implications. Nexus Network Journal, 24(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-021-00568-7
Esposito, D., Santoro, S., & Camarda, D. (2020). Agent-based analysis of urban spaces using space syntax and spatial cognition approaches: A case study in Bari, Italy. Sustainability, 12(11), Article 4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114625
Funo, S., Yamamoto, N., & Silas, J. (2002). Typology of Kampung houses and their transformation process--A study on urban tissues of an Indonesian city. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1(2), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.1.2_193
Grasl, T. (2012). Transformational Palladians. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 39(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1068/b37059
Hacini, C. E., Bada, Y., & Pihet, C. (2022). The mobility of people with disability: Between urban accessibility and urban attractiveness. A case study from Algiers, Algeria. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.10.2_38
Hanson, J. (1998). Decoding homes and houses. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518294
Hanson, J. (1999a). An introduction to the study of houses. In Decoding homes and houses (pp. 1–55). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518294.001
Hanson, J. (1999b). Decoding dwellings: The way ahead. In Decoding homes and houses (pp. 269–313). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518294.010
Hasgul, E. (2015). Space as configuration: Patterns of space [Conference presentation]. ARCHTHEO 9th Theory and History of Architecture Conference, Istanbul, Turkey.
Hillier, B. (1984). The analysis of settlement layouts. In The social logic of space (pp. 82–142). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597237.005
Hillier, B. (1996a). Space is the machine. Cambridge University Press.
Hillier, B. (1996b). Space is the machine: A configurational theory of architecture (electronic ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Hillier, B. (2019). Structure or: Does space syntax need to radically extend its theory of spatial configuration? [Proceedings paper]. The 12th Space Syntax Symposium, Beijing, China. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10078527/1/2019_Hillier_keynote.pdf
Hillier, B., & Hanson, J. (1984). The social logic of space. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597237
Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., & Xu, J. (1993). Natural movement: Or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 20(1), 29–66. https://doi.org/10.1068/b200029
Kim, H.-K., & Sohn, D. W. (2002). An analysis of the relationship between land use density of office buildings and urban street configuration: Case studies of two areas in Seoul by space syntax analysis. Cities, 19(6), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(02)00071-9
Kishimoto, T., & Taguchi, M. (2014). Spatial configuration of Japanese elementary schools: Analyses by the space syntax and evaluation by school teachers. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 13(2), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.13.373
Krier, R. (2010). Architectural composition. Edition Axel Menges.
Krstic, D. (1999). Constructing algebras of design. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 26(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1068/b260045
Lee, J. H., Ostwald, M. J., & Gu, N. (2013). Combining space syntax and shape grammar to investigate architectural style: Considering Glenn Murcutt’s domestic designs. In Y. O. Kim, H. T. Park, & K. W. Seo (Eds.), The Ninth International Space Syntax Symposium. Sejong University.
Lee, J. H., Ostwald, M. J., & Gu, N. (2018). A Justified Plan Graph (JPG) grammar approach to identifying spatial design patterns in an architectural style. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 45(1), 67–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813516665618
Mahfoud, S., Bada, Y., & Cutini, V. (2022). The impact of the urban structure on the public squares uses: A syntactic analysis. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 92–110. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.10.2_92
Muslimin, R. (2023). Experience grammar: Creative space planning with generative graph and shape for early design stage. Buildings, 13(4), Article 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040869
Ostwald, M. J. (2011). The mathematics of spatial configuration: Revisiting, revising and critiquing justified plan graph theory. Nexus Network Journal, 13(2), 445–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-011-0075-3
Penn, A., Hillier, B., Banister, D., & Xu, J. (1998). Configurational modelling of urban movement networks. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 25(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1068/b250059
Prayitno, B. (2017). Co-habitation Space: A model for urban informal settlement consolidation for the heritage city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 16(3), 527–534. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.16.527
Pressman, A. (2012). Designing architecture: The elements of process. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203122174
Sari, I. K., Nuryanti, W., & Ikaputra, I. (2020). Phenotype, genotype, and environment, case study: Traditional Malay house, West Borneo, Indonesia. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202005.0034.v1
Sharmin, S., & Kamruzzaman, Md. (2018). Meta-analysis of the relationships between space syntax measures and pedestrian movement. Transport Reviews, 38(4), 524–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1365101
Stiny, G. (1990). What is a design? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 17, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1068/b170097
Thiraponghaiboon, T., & Hanna, S. (2019). Spatial distribution of building use: Recognition and prediction of use with machine learning [Proceedings paper]. The 12th Space Syntax Symposium, Beijing, China. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10080662/
Turner, A., Doxa, M., O’Sullivan, D., & Penn, A. (2001). From isovists to visibility graphs: A methodology for the analysis of architectural space. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28(1), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1068/b2684
van Nes, A., & Yamu, C. (2021). Introduction to space syntax in urban studies. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59140-3
Yamu, C., van Nes, A., & Garau, C. (2021). Bill Hillier’s legacy: Space syntax—a synopsis of basic concepts, measures, and empirical application. Sustainability, 13, Article 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063394
Yoas, J., & Muslimin, R. (2023). Spatial adaptation rules of extension building in traditional architecture: Case study of Batak Toba houses and their extensions in North Sumatera, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (Vol. 1, pp. 747–756), Hong Kong. https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.1.747
Zerouati, W., & Bellal, T. (2020). Evaluating the impact of mass housings’ in-between spaces’ spatial configuration on users’ social interaction. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.05.005