An extended TODIM method for project manager’s competency evaluation
Abstract
The project managers’ high efficiency and leadership ability is very important for the success of the whole project. Evaluating the competency of project manager accurately and selecting the suitable project manager from alternatives is a very core research issue that should be paid high attention to in the field of project management. When evaluating the competency of project manager, multiple criteria with interactive relationship should be considered, and the decision makers may have bounded rational behavior which may have a great impact on the result of evaluation, whereas the decision makes’ psychological behavior is rarely taken into account in the existing studies on the evaluation of project managers’ competency. TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese of interactive and multi-criteria decision making) is a multi-criteria decision making method considering the decision makers’ behavior. In this paper, an extended TODIM method which combines λ -fuzzy measure with Choquet integral considering incomplete criteria information and decision makers’ bounded rational behaviors are presented to evaluate the competency of project manager. Furthermore, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the method proposed. We hope that this method can provide some valuable references for the evaluation of project manager’s competency.
Keyword : λ -fuzzy measure, Choquet integral, TODIM, project manager’s competency, bounded rational behavior
How to Cite
Yin, J., Guo, J., Ji, T., Cai, J., Xiao, L., & Dong, Z. (2019). An extended TODIM method for project manager’s competency evaluation. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 25(7), 673-686. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.10521
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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CII-RT-281 (Construction Industry Institute-Research Team 281). (2012). Project management competency development: Tools, games, and exercises. Austin, Texas, USA.
Crawford, L., & Arch, B. (1997). A global approach to project management competence. In Proceedings of the 1997 AIPM National Conference (pp. 220-228), AIPM. Sydney, Australia.
Edum-Fotwe, F. T., & McCaffer, R. (2000). Developing project management competency: perspectives from the construction industry. International Journal of Project management, 18(2), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)90075-8
El-Sabaa, S. (2001). The skills and career path of an effective project manager. International Journal of Project Management, 19(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00034-4
Fan, Z. P., Zhang, X., Chen, F. D., & Liu, Y. (2013). Extended TODIM method for hybrid multiple criterion decision making problems. Knowledge-Based Systems, 42(2), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2012.12.014
Figueira, J., Greco, S., & Ehrgott, M. (2005). Multiple criteria decision analysis: State of the art surveys. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/b100605
Fisher, E. (2011). What practitioners consider to be the skills and behaviors of an effective people project manager. International Journal of Project Management, 29(8), 994-1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.09.002
Gaddis, P. O. (1959). The project manager. Harvard Business Review, 37(3), 89-97.
Gao, Z. Y., Zhu, L., Li, Z., & Li, W. (2015). Threat evaluation of early warning detection based on incomplete criterion information TODIM method. In Proceedings of the 2015 3rd International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Information Technology Applications (pp.40-47). Qingdao, Shandong, China. https://doi.org/10.2991/icmmita-15.2015.10
Gomes, L. F. A. M. (2009). An application of the TODIM method to the multi-criteria rental evaluation of residential properties. European Journal of Operational Research, 193(1), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.10.046
Gomes, L. F. A. M., & Lima, M. M. P. P. (1992a). TODIM: Basics and application to multicriteria ranking of projects with environmental impacts. Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences, 16(1), 113-127.
Gomes, L. F. A. M., & Lima, M. M. P. P. (1992b). From modeling individual preferences to multicriteria ranking of discrete alternatives: A look at prospect theory and the additive difference model. Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences, 17(2), 171-184.
Gomes, L. F. A. M., Machado, M. A. S., & Rangel, L. A. D. (2013a). Behavioral multi-criteria decision analysis: the TODIM method with criteria interactions. Annals of Operations Research, 211(1), 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-013-1454-9
Gomes, L. F. A. M., Machado, M. A. S., Costa, F. F. D., & Rangel, L. A. D. (2013b). Criteria interactions in multiple criteria decision aiding: a Choquet formulation for the TODIM method. Procedia Computer Science, 17, 324-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.042
Grabisch, M. (1997). Alternative representations of discrete fuzzy measure for decision making. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge Based Systems, 5, 587-607. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218488597000440
Grabisch, M., Murofushi, T., & Sugeno, M. (2000). Fuzzy measure and integrals. New York: Physica-Verlag.
Hanna, A. S. (2010). Construction labor productivity management and methods improvement. Hanna Consulting Group, Inc.
Hanna, A. S., Ibrahim, M. W., Lotfallah, W., Iskandar, K. A., & Russell, J. S. (2016). Modeling project manager competency: an integrated mathematical approach. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(8), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001141
Hwang, C. L., & Yoon, K. (1981). Multiple attribute decision making: Methods and applications. Berlin: Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48318-9
Ishii, K., & Sugeno, M. (1985). A model human evaluation process using fuzzy measure. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 22(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80075-4
Ji, P., Zhang, H. Y., & Wang, J. Q. (2018). A fuzzy decision support model with sentiment analysis for items comparison in e-commerce: The case study of PConline.com. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 48, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2018.2875163
Jiang, Y. P., Liang, X., & Zhang, Y. D. (2015). Method of TODIM decision making for incomplete evaluations. Operations Research and Management Science, 24(1), 116-121 (in Chinese).
Joshi, D., & Kumar, S. (2016). Interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy Choquet integral based TOPSIS method for multi-criteria group decision making. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(1), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.06.047
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
Kohli, U., & Chitkara, K. (2007). Project management handbook for engineers, construction professionals and business managers. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
Kojadinovic, I. (2003). Modeling interaction phenomena using fuzzy measure: On the notions of interaction and independence. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 135(3), 317-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0114(02)00129-X
Krohling, R. A., Pacheco, A. G. C., & Siviero, A. L. T. (2013). If-TODIM: an intuitionistic fuzzy TODIM to multi-criteria decision making. Knowledge-Based Systems, 53(9), 142-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2013.08.028
Lourenzutti, R., Krohling, R. A., & Reformat, M. Z. (2017). Choquet based TOPSIS and TODIM for dynamic and heterogeneous decision making with criteria interaction. Information Sciences, 408, 41-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2017.04.037
Maaleki, A., & Cyrus, K. M. (2017). Project manager competency model based on ANP method in construction projects. In 7th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 1281-1292). Rabat, Morocco.
Marichal, J. L. (2000). An axiomatic approach of the discrete Choquet integral as a tool to aggregate interacting criteria. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 8(6), 800-807. https://doi.org/10.1109/91.890347
Markus, L. H., Thomas, H. C., & Allpress, K. N. (2005). Confounded by competencies? An evaluation of the evolution and use of competency models. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.532
Meng, F. Y., Zhang, Q., & Cheng, H. (2013). Approaches to multiple-criteria group decision making based on intervalvalued intuitionistic fuzzy Choquet integral with respect to the generalized λ-Shapley index. Knowledge-Based Systems, 37, 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2012.08.007
Meredith, J. R., & Mantel Jr., S. J. (2011). Project management: A managerial approach (8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(96)88306-2
Müller, R., & Turner, J. R. (2007). Matching the project manager’s leadership style to project type. International Journal of Project Management, 25(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.04.003
Murofushi, T., & Sugeno, M. (1993). Some quantities represented by the Choquet integral. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 56(2), 229235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(93)90148-B
Nie, R. X., Tian, Z. P., Wang, J. Q., & Hu, J. H. (2019). Pythagorean fuzzy multiple criteria decision analysis based on Shapley fuzzy measures and partitioned normalized weighted Bonferroni mean operator. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 34(2), 297-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22051
Ogunlana, S., Siddiqui, Z., Yisa, S., & Olomolaiye, P. (2002). Factors and procedures used in matching project managers to construction projects in Bangkok. International Journal of Project Management, 20(5), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00017-5
Othman, N. L., & Jaafar, M. (2013). Personal competency of selected women construction project managers in Malaysia. Journal of Engineering Design & Technology, 11(3), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-02-2012-0005
Peng, J. J., Wang, J. Q., Hu, J. H., & Tian, C. (2018). Multi-criteria decision-making approach based on single-valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy geometric weighted Choquet integral Heronian mean operator. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 35(3), 3661-3674. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-18249
Russell, J. S., Jaselski, E. J., & Lawrence, S. P. (1997). Continuous assessment of project performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 123(1), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1997)123:1(64)
Spencer, S., & Spencer, L. M. (1993). Competence at work: models for superior performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666393
Sugeno, M. (1974). Theory of fuzzy integrals and its applications (Doctoral dissertation, Tokyo Institute of Technology).
Tan, C. Q. (2011). A multi-criteria interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy group decision making with Choquet integral-based TOPSIS. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(4), 3023-3033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.08.092
Tan, C. Q., Jiang, Z. Z., & Chen, X. H. (2015). An extended TODIM method for hesitant fuzzy interactive multi-criteria decision making based on generalized Choquet integral. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 29(1), 293-305. https://doi.org/10.3233/IFS-151595
Toney, F. (2001). The superior project manager: Global competency standards and best practices. CRC Press.
Toney, F., & Powers, R. (1997). Best practices of project management groups in large functional organizations. Project Management Institute.
Turner, J. R. (1999). The handbook of project-based management: Improving the processes for achieving objectives. London: McGraw-Hill.
Wang, J. Q., Peng, J. J., Zhang, H. Y., & Chen, X. H. (2019). Outranking approach for multi-criteria decision-making problems with hesitant interval-valued fuzzy sets. Soft Computing, 23(2), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-017-2791-4
Wang, X. K., Wang, J. Y. Q., & Zhang, H. Y. (2018) Distancebased multi-criteria group decision-making approach with probabilistic linguistic term sets. Expert Systems, 36(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.12352
Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., Tamosatiene, J., & Marina, V. (2008). Multi-criteria selection of project managers by applying grey criteria. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 14(4), 462-477. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2008.14.462-477
Zhang, X. L., & Xu, Z. S. (2014). The TODIM analysis approach based on novel measured functions under hesitant fuzzy environment. Knowledge-Based Systems, 61(2), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2014.02.006
Zhang, S. D. (2015). Research on the influence of project manager competence on performance in real estate enterprises. Journal of Engineering Management, 29(1), 154-158 (in Chinese).
Zhang, X., & Fan, Z. P. (2011). A method for linguistic multiple criterion decision making based on TODIM. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management and Service Science. Wuhan, Hubei, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSS.2011.5999375
Choquet, G. (1953). Theory of capacities. Annales Institut Fourier, 5, 131-295. https://doi.org/10.5802/aif.53
CII-RT-281 (Construction Industry Institute-Research Team 281). (2012). Project management competency development: Tools, games, and exercises. Austin, Texas, USA.
Crawford, L., & Arch, B. (1997). A global approach to project management competence. In Proceedings of the 1997 AIPM National Conference (pp. 220-228), AIPM. Sydney, Australia.
Edum-Fotwe, F. T., & McCaffer, R. (2000). Developing project management competency: perspectives from the construction industry. International Journal of Project management, 18(2), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)90075-8
El-Sabaa, S. (2001). The skills and career path of an effective project manager. International Journal of Project Management, 19(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00034-4
Fan, Z. P., Zhang, X., Chen, F. D., & Liu, Y. (2013). Extended TODIM method for hybrid multiple criterion decision making problems. Knowledge-Based Systems, 42(2), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2012.12.014
Figueira, J., Greco, S., & Ehrgott, M. (2005). Multiple criteria decision analysis: State of the art surveys. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/b100605
Fisher, E. (2011). What practitioners consider to be the skills and behaviors of an effective people project manager. International Journal of Project Management, 29(8), 994-1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.09.002
Gaddis, P. O. (1959). The project manager. Harvard Business Review, 37(3), 89-97.
Gao, Z. Y., Zhu, L., Li, Z., & Li, W. (2015). Threat evaluation of early warning detection based on incomplete criterion information TODIM method. In Proceedings of the 2015 3rd International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Information Technology Applications (pp.40-47). Qingdao, Shandong, China. https://doi.org/10.2991/icmmita-15.2015.10
Gomes, L. F. A. M. (2009). An application of the TODIM method to the multi-criteria rental evaluation of residential properties. European Journal of Operational Research, 193(1), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.10.046
Gomes, L. F. A. M., & Lima, M. M. P. P. (1992a). TODIM: Basics and application to multicriteria ranking of projects with environmental impacts. Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences, 16(1), 113-127.
Gomes, L. F. A. M., & Lima, M. M. P. P. (1992b). From modeling individual preferences to multicriteria ranking of discrete alternatives: A look at prospect theory and the additive difference model. Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences, 17(2), 171-184.
Gomes, L. F. A. M., Machado, M. A. S., & Rangel, L. A. D. (2013a). Behavioral multi-criteria decision analysis: the TODIM method with criteria interactions. Annals of Operations Research, 211(1), 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-013-1454-9
Gomes, L. F. A. M., Machado, M. A. S., Costa, F. F. D., & Rangel, L. A. D. (2013b). Criteria interactions in multiple criteria decision aiding: a Choquet formulation for the TODIM method. Procedia Computer Science, 17, 324-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.042
Grabisch, M. (1997). Alternative representations of discrete fuzzy measure for decision making. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge Based Systems, 5, 587-607. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218488597000440
Grabisch, M., Murofushi, T., & Sugeno, M. (2000). Fuzzy measure and integrals. New York: Physica-Verlag.
Hanna, A. S. (2010). Construction labor productivity management and methods improvement. Hanna Consulting Group, Inc.
Hanna, A. S., Ibrahim, M. W., Lotfallah, W., Iskandar, K. A., & Russell, J. S. (2016). Modeling project manager competency: an integrated mathematical approach. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(8), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001141
Hwang, C. L., & Yoon, K. (1981). Multiple attribute decision making: Methods and applications. Berlin: Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48318-9
Ishii, K., & Sugeno, M. (1985). A model human evaluation process using fuzzy measure. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 22(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80075-4
Ji, P., Zhang, H. Y., & Wang, J. Q. (2018). A fuzzy decision support model with sentiment analysis for items comparison in e-commerce: The case study of PConline.com. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 48, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2018.2875163
Jiang, Y. P., Liang, X., & Zhang, Y. D. (2015). Method of TODIM decision making for incomplete evaluations. Operations Research and Management Science, 24(1), 116-121 (in Chinese).
Joshi, D., & Kumar, S. (2016). Interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy Choquet integral based TOPSIS method for multi-criteria group decision making. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(1), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.06.047
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
Kohli, U., & Chitkara, K. (2007). Project management handbook for engineers, construction professionals and business managers. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
Kojadinovic, I. (2003). Modeling interaction phenomena using fuzzy measure: On the notions of interaction and independence. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 135(3), 317-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0114(02)00129-X
Krohling, R. A., Pacheco, A. G. C., & Siviero, A. L. T. (2013). If-TODIM: an intuitionistic fuzzy TODIM to multi-criteria decision making. Knowledge-Based Systems, 53(9), 142-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2013.08.028
Lourenzutti, R., Krohling, R. A., & Reformat, M. Z. (2017). Choquet based TOPSIS and TODIM for dynamic and heterogeneous decision making with criteria interaction. Information Sciences, 408, 41-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2017.04.037
Maaleki, A., & Cyrus, K. M. (2017). Project manager competency model based on ANP method in construction projects. In 7th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 1281-1292). Rabat, Morocco.
Marichal, J. L. (2000). An axiomatic approach of the discrete Choquet integral as a tool to aggregate interacting criteria. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 8(6), 800-807. https://doi.org/10.1109/91.890347
Markus, L. H., Thomas, H. C., & Allpress, K. N. (2005). Confounded by competencies? An evaluation of the evolution and use of competency models. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.532
Meng, F. Y., Zhang, Q., & Cheng, H. (2013). Approaches to multiple-criteria group decision making based on intervalvalued intuitionistic fuzzy Choquet integral with respect to the generalized λ-Shapley index. Knowledge-Based Systems, 37, 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2012.08.007
Meredith, J. R., & Mantel Jr., S. J. (2011). Project management: A managerial approach (8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(96)88306-2
Müller, R., & Turner, J. R. (2007). Matching the project manager’s leadership style to project type. International Journal of Project Management, 25(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.04.003
Murofushi, T., & Sugeno, M. (1993). Some quantities represented by the Choquet integral. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 56(2), 229235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(93)90148-B
Nie, R. X., Tian, Z. P., Wang, J. Q., & Hu, J. H. (2019). Pythagorean fuzzy multiple criteria decision analysis based on Shapley fuzzy measures and partitioned normalized weighted Bonferroni mean operator. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 34(2), 297-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22051
Ogunlana, S., Siddiqui, Z., Yisa, S., & Olomolaiye, P. (2002). Factors and procedures used in matching project managers to construction projects in Bangkok. International Journal of Project Management, 20(5), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00017-5
Othman, N. L., & Jaafar, M. (2013). Personal competency of selected women construction project managers in Malaysia. Journal of Engineering Design & Technology, 11(3), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-02-2012-0005
Peng, J. J., Wang, J. Q., Hu, J. H., & Tian, C. (2018). Multi-criteria decision-making approach based on single-valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy geometric weighted Choquet integral Heronian mean operator. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 35(3), 3661-3674. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-18249
Russell, J. S., Jaselski, E. J., & Lawrence, S. P. (1997). Continuous assessment of project performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 123(1), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1997)123:1(64)
Spencer, S., & Spencer, L. M. (1993). Competence at work: models for superior performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666393
Sugeno, M. (1974). Theory of fuzzy integrals and its applications (Doctoral dissertation, Tokyo Institute of Technology).
Tan, C. Q. (2011). A multi-criteria interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy group decision making with Choquet integral-based TOPSIS. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(4), 3023-3033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.08.092
Tan, C. Q., Jiang, Z. Z., & Chen, X. H. (2015). An extended TODIM method for hesitant fuzzy interactive multi-criteria decision making based on generalized Choquet integral. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 29(1), 293-305. https://doi.org/10.3233/IFS-151595
Toney, F. (2001). The superior project manager: Global competency standards and best practices. CRC Press.
Toney, F., & Powers, R. (1997). Best practices of project management groups in large functional organizations. Project Management Institute.
Turner, J. R. (1999). The handbook of project-based management: Improving the processes for achieving objectives. London: McGraw-Hill.
Wang, J. Q., Peng, J. J., Zhang, H. Y., & Chen, X. H. (2019). Outranking approach for multi-criteria decision-making problems with hesitant interval-valued fuzzy sets. Soft Computing, 23(2), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-017-2791-4
Wang, X. K., Wang, J. Y. Q., & Zhang, H. Y. (2018) Distancebased multi-criteria group decision-making approach with probabilistic linguistic term sets. Expert Systems, 36(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.12352
Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., Tamosatiene, J., & Marina, V. (2008). Multi-criteria selection of project managers by applying grey criteria. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 14(4), 462-477. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2008.14.462-477
Zhang, X. L., & Xu, Z. S. (2014). The TODIM analysis approach based on novel measured functions under hesitant fuzzy environment. Knowledge-Based Systems, 61(2), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2014.02.006
Zhang, S. D. (2015). Research on the influence of project manager competence on performance in real estate enterprises. Journal of Engineering Management, 29(1), 154-158 (in Chinese).
Zhang, X., & Fan, Z. P. (2011). A method for linguistic multiple criterion decision making based on TODIM. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management and Service Science. Wuhan, Hubei, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSS.2011.5999375