Structural response and damage evaluation of a typical highrise RC building in Dubai under an earthquake with single and multiple peaks
Abstract
Seismic design codes predominantly assume that earthquakes involve a single ground shaking event; however, earthquakes can occur as a series of shocks. Consequently, the capacity of structures to resist earthquakes with multiple peaks without suffering severe damage is a crucial parameter. This research study evaluates the seismic performance of a high-rise building in Dubai using existing records of single and multiple peaks. Three-dimensional building model was developed considering the actual cross-sections of the horizontal and vertical elements fitting the seismic zone through dynamic response spectrum analysis. The building is analyzed using the nonlinear regime employing fast-nonlinear timehistory analysis with the scaled NS and EW records of the Niigata earthquake. The main finding of this work is that records with multiple peaks significantly increase structural response and magnify the structural damage compared with records of single-peak earthquakes; thus, earthquakes involving multiple shocks significantly increase the risk of structural failure in a building.
Keyword : high-rise building, earthquake with single and multiple peaks, dynamic response, damage assessment
How to Cite
Mahmoud, S., Saleem, M., Hasanain, A., El-Sokkary, H., Elsharawy, M., Genidy, M., & Abd-Elhamed, A. (2022). Structural response and damage evaluation of a typical highrise RC building in Dubai under an earthquake with single and multiple peaks. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 28(7), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2022.16957
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Di Sarno, L. (2013). Effects of multiple earthquakes on inelastic structural response. Engineering Structures, 56, 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.041
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Fajfar, P. (1992). Equivalent ductility factors, taking into account low-cyclic fatigue. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 21(10), 837–848. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290211001
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Ghosh, J., Padgett, E., & Sánchez-Silva, M. (2015). Seismic damage accumulation in highway bridges in earthquake-prone regions. Earthquake Spectra, 31(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1193/120812EQS347M
Hameed, A., Saleem, M., Qazi, A.U., Saeed, S., Ilyas, M., & Bashir, A. (2012). Mitigation of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings. Pakistan Journal of Science, 64(4), 326–333.
Hatzigeorgiou, G. D., & Beskos, D. E. (2009). Inelastic displacement ratios for SDOF structures subjected to repeated earthquakes. Engineering Structures, 31(11), 2744–2755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.07.002
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Jalayer, F., & Ebrahimian, H. (2017). Seismic risk assessment considering cumulative damage due to aftershocks. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 46(3), 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2792
Kunnath, S. K., Reinhorn, A. M., & Park, Y. J. (1990). Analytical modeling of inelastic seismic response of RC structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 116(4), 996–1017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:4(996)
Li, Y., Song, R., & Van De Lindt, J. W. (2014). Collapse fragility of steel structures subjected to earthquake mainshock-aftershock sequences. Journal of Structural Engineering, 140(12), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001019
Luco, N., Bazzurro, P., & Cornell, C. A. (2004). Dynamic versus static computation of the residual capacity of mainshock-damaged building to withstand an aftershock. In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Paper No. 2405, pp. 6–11), Vancouver, Canada.
McCabe, S. L., & Hall, W. J. (1989). Assessment of seismic structural damage. Journal of Structural Engineering, 115(9), 2166–2183.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:9(2166)
Mwafy, A., Elnashai, A. S., Sigbjörnsson, R., & Salama, A. (2006) Significance of severe distant and moderate close earthquakes on design and behavior of tall buildings. Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 15(4), 391–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.300
Parisi, F., & Augenti, N. (2013). Earthquake damages to cultural heritage constructions and simplified assessment of artworks. Engineering Failure Analysis, 34, 735–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.01.005
Parekar, S. D., & Datta, D. (2020). Seismic behaviour of stiffness irregular steel frames under mainshock–aftershock. Asian Journal Civil Engineering, 21, 857–870.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-020-00245-z
Park, Y. J., & Ang, A. H. (1985). Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, 111(4), 722–739. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:4(722)
Pomonis, A., Saito, K., Chian, S. C., Fraser, S., Goda, K., & Macabuag, J. (2011). The Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011. Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT), The Institution of Structural Engineers, London, UK.
Powell, G. H., & Allahabadi, R. (1988). Seismic damage prediction by deterministic methods: concepts and procedures. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 16, 719–734. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290160507
Penna, A., Morandi, P., Rota, M., Manzini, C. F., Porto, F., & Magenes, G. (2014). Performance of masonry buildings during the Emilia 2012 earthquake. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12(5), 2255–2273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9496-6
Ruiz-García, J., & Negrete-Manriquez, J. (2011). Evaluation of drift demands in existing steel frames under as-recorded far-field and near-fault mainshock–aftershock seismic sequences. Engineering Structures, 33, 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.11.021
Ruiz-Garcíaa, J., Yaghmaei-Sabegh, B., & Bojórquezc, S. E. (2018). Three-dimensional response of steel moment-resisting buildings under seismic sequences. Engineering Structures, 175(15), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.050
Saleem, M., & Tsubaki, T. (2010). Multi-layer model for pull-out behavior of post-installed anchor. Proceedings FRAMCOS-7, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, 2, 823–830.
Saleem, M., & Nasir, M. (2016). Bond evaluation of concrete bolts subjected to impact loading. Materials and Structures, 49, 3635–3646. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0745-9
Scawthorn, C., & Rathje, E. M. (2006). The 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu, Japan. Earthquake Spectra, 22(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2172259
Soureshjani, O., & Massumi, A. (2022). Seismic behavior of RC moment resisting structures with concrete shear wall under mainshock–aftershock seismic sequences. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20, 1087–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01291-x
Wen, W., Ji, D., Zhai, C., Li, X., & Sun, P. (2018). Damage spectra of the mainshock-aftershock ground motions at soft soil sites. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 115, 815–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.08.016
Williams, M. S., & Sexsmith, R. G. (1995). Seismic damage indices for concrete structures: a state-of-the-art review. Earthquake Spectra, 11(2), 319–349. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585817
Yaghmaei-Sabegh, S., & Ruiz-García, J. (2016). Nonlinear response analysis of SDOF systems subjected to doublet earthquake ground motions: A case study on 2012 Varzaghan–Ahar events. Engineering Structures, 110, 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.044
Zimmaro, P., Scasserra, G., & Stewart, G. P. (2018). Strong ground motion characteristics from 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence. Earthquake Spectra, 34(4), 1611–1637. https://doi.org/10.1193/091817EQS184M
Zhai, C., Ji, D., Wen, W., Lei, W., Xie, L., & Gong, M. (2016). The inelastic input energy spectra for main shock–aftershock sequences. Earthquake Spectra, 32(4), 2149–2166. https://doi.org/10.1193/121315EQS182M
Amadio, C., Fragiacomo, M., & Rajgelj, S. (2003). The effects of repeated earthquake ground motions on the non-linear response of SDOF systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 32(2), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.225
American Society of Civil Engineers. (2017). Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures (Standard No. ASCE 7-16).
Bao, X., Zhang, D., & Zhai, C. H. (2019). Fragility analysis of a containment structure under far-fault and near-fault seismic sequences considering post-mainshock damage states. Engineering Structures, 198, 239–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109511
Chandramohan R., Baker, J. W, & Deierlein, G. G. (2016). Quantifying the influence of ground motion duration on structural collapse capacity using spectrally equivalent records. Earthquake Spectra, 32(2), 927–950. https://doi.org/10.1193/122813eqs298mr2
Chase, R. E., Liel, A. B., Luco, N., & Baird, B. W. (2019). Seismic loss and damage in light-frame wood buildings from sequences of induced earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 489(12), 1365–1383. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3189
Cosenza, C., Manfredi, M., & Ramasco, R. (1993). The use of damage functionals in earthquake engineering: A comparison between different methods. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 22(10), 855–868. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290221003
Di Sarno, L. (2013). Effects of multiple earthquakes on inelastic structural response. Engineering Structures, 56, 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.041
Elnashai, A. S., Bommer, J. J., & Martinez-Pereira, A. (1998). Engineering implications of strong motion records from recent earthquakes. In Proceedings of 11th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering (pp. 6–11), Paris, France.
Fajfar, P. (1992). Equivalent ductility factors, taking into account low-cyclic fatigue. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 21(10), 837–848. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290211001
Faisal, A., Majid, T. A., & Hatzigeorgiou, G. D. (2018). Investigation of story ductility demands of inelastic concrete frames subjected to repeated earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 44, 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.08.012
Goda, K., & Taylor, C. A. (2012). Effects of aftershocks on peak ductility demand due to strong ground motion records from shallow crustal earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 41(15), 2311–2330. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2188
Goda, K., & Salami, M. R. (2014). Inelastic seismic demand estimation of wood-frame houses subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12, 855–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9534-4
Ghosh, J., Padgett, E., & Sánchez-Silva, M. (2015). Seismic damage accumulation in highway bridges in earthquake-prone regions. Earthquake Spectra, 31(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1193/120812EQS347M
Hameed, A., Saleem, M., Qazi, A.U., Saeed, S., Ilyas, M., & Bashir, A. (2012). Mitigation of seismic pounding between adjacent buildings. Pakistan Journal of Science, 64(4), 326–333.
Hatzigeorgiou, G. D., & Beskos, D. E. (2009). Inelastic displacement ratios for SDOF structures subjected to repeated earthquakes. Engineering Structures, 31(11), 2744–2755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.07.002
Hatzigeorgiou, G. D. (2010). Ductility demand spectra for multiple near- and far-fault earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 30(4), 170–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.10.003
Hatzivassiliou, M., & Hatzigeorgiou, G. D. (2015). Seismic sequence effects on three-dimensional reinforced concrete buildings. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 72, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.02.005
Jalayer, F., & Ebrahimian, H. (2017). Seismic risk assessment considering cumulative damage due to aftershocks. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 46(3), 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2792
Kunnath, S. K., Reinhorn, A. M., & Park, Y. J. (1990). Analytical modeling of inelastic seismic response of RC structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 116(4), 996–1017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:4(996)
Li, Y., Song, R., & Van De Lindt, J. W. (2014). Collapse fragility of steel structures subjected to earthquake mainshock-aftershock sequences. Journal of Structural Engineering, 140(12), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001019
Luco, N., Bazzurro, P., & Cornell, C. A. (2004). Dynamic versus static computation of the residual capacity of mainshock-damaged building to withstand an aftershock. In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Paper No. 2405, pp. 6–11), Vancouver, Canada.
McCabe, S. L., & Hall, W. J. (1989). Assessment of seismic structural damage. Journal of Structural Engineering, 115(9), 2166–2183.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:9(2166)
Mwafy, A., Elnashai, A. S., Sigbjörnsson, R., & Salama, A. (2006) Significance of severe distant and moderate close earthquakes on design and behavior of tall buildings. Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 15(4), 391–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.300
Parisi, F., & Augenti, N. (2013). Earthquake damages to cultural heritage constructions and simplified assessment of artworks. Engineering Failure Analysis, 34, 735–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.01.005
Parekar, S. D., & Datta, D. (2020). Seismic behaviour of stiffness irregular steel frames under mainshock–aftershock. Asian Journal Civil Engineering, 21, 857–870.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-020-00245-z
Park, Y. J., & Ang, A. H. (1985). Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, 111(4), 722–739. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:4(722)
Pomonis, A., Saito, K., Chian, S. C., Fraser, S., Goda, K., & Macabuag, J. (2011). The Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011. Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT), The Institution of Structural Engineers, London, UK.
Powell, G. H., & Allahabadi, R. (1988). Seismic damage prediction by deterministic methods: concepts and procedures. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 16, 719–734. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290160507
Penna, A., Morandi, P., Rota, M., Manzini, C. F., Porto, F., & Magenes, G. (2014). Performance of masonry buildings during the Emilia 2012 earthquake. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12(5), 2255–2273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9496-6
Ruiz-García, J., & Negrete-Manriquez, J. (2011). Evaluation of drift demands in existing steel frames under as-recorded far-field and near-fault mainshock–aftershock seismic sequences. Engineering Structures, 33, 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.11.021
Ruiz-Garcíaa, J., Yaghmaei-Sabegh, B., & Bojórquezc, S. E. (2018). Three-dimensional response of steel moment-resisting buildings under seismic sequences. Engineering Structures, 175(15), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.050
Saleem, M., & Tsubaki, T. (2010). Multi-layer model for pull-out behavior of post-installed anchor. Proceedings FRAMCOS-7, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, 2, 823–830.
Saleem, M., & Nasir, M. (2016). Bond evaluation of concrete bolts subjected to impact loading. Materials and Structures, 49, 3635–3646. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0745-9
Scawthorn, C., & Rathje, E. M. (2006). The 2004 Niigata Ken Chuetsu, Japan. Earthquake Spectra, 22(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2172259
Soureshjani, O., & Massumi, A. (2022). Seismic behavior of RC moment resisting structures with concrete shear wall under mainshock–aftershock seismic sequences. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20, 1087–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01291-x
Wen, W., Ji, D., Zhai, C., Li, X., & Sun, P. (2018). Damage spectra of the mainshock-aftershock ground motions at soft soil sites. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 115, 815–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.08.016
Williams, M. S., & Sexsmith, R. G. (1995). Seismic damage indices for concrete structures: a state-of-the-art review. Earthquake Spectra, 11(2), 319–349. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585817
Yaghmaei-Sabegh, S., & Ruiz-García, J. (2016). Nonlinear response analysis of SDOF systems subjected to doublet earthquake ground motions: A case study on 2012 Varzaghan–Ahar events. Engineering Structures, 110, 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.044
Zimmaro, P., Scasserra, G., & Stewart, G. P. (2018). Strong ground motion characteristics from 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence. Earthquake Spectra, 34(4), 1611–1637. https://doi.org/10.1193/091817EQS184M
Zhai, C., Ji, D., Wen, W., Lei, W., Xie, L., & Gong, M. (2016). The inelastic input energy spectra for main shock–aftershock sequences. Earthquake Spectra, 32(4), 2149–2166. https://doi.org/10.1193/121315EQS182M