Seismic mitigation effect for large-space underground structures considering spatially varying soil properties
Abstract
The seismic response of the large-space underground structure (LSUS) is significantly influenced by the physical properties of the surrounding soil media, while the soil owns a strong spatial variability. This study proposes a seismic response analysis process of the soil-LSUS interaction system is proposed, which can consider the characteristic of the spatially distributed soil properties. The proposed process begins with establishing the spatially random field model of the soil properties using the improved latent space method. Then, the model is calibrated based on the real data and Bayesian approach, and the realization of the random field is accomplished. Further, the soil-LSUS interaction finite element (FE) model is established, which incorporating the soil physical properties generated from the random field. Finally, the nonlinear time-history analysis of the soil-LSUS interaction FE model is conducted. As an illustration of the proposed process, a typical LSUS located in Guangzhou is selected as an example, and the seismic mitigation measure which the lead-filled steel tube damper (LFSTD) is installed between the intermediate column and the top beam is adopted for the LSUS. The influence of the spatial variability of soil properties on the seismic mitigation effect of the LSUS is investigated. Results indicate that the spatial variability of the soil properties can cause a minor influence on the force and deformation of the intermediate column and the energy dissipation ratio between the LFSTD and structure, while it can bring a significant influence on the maximum deformation and force and the shape of the hysteresis loop of the LFSTD.
Keyword : underground structures, random fields, seismic response, soil-underground structure interaction
How to Cite
He, Z., & Chen, Q. (2024). Seismic mitigation effect for large-space underground structures considering spatially varying soil properties. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 30(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2024.19784
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Lizarraga, H. S., & Lai, C. G. (2014). Effects of spatial variability of soil properties on the seismic response of an embankment dam. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 64, 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.03.016
Lu, D., Zhou, Y., Deng, X., & Zhang, C. (2017). Optimization of configuration and finite element modeling for lead-filled steel tube dampers. Engineering Mechanics, 34(3), 76–83 (in Chinese).
Lysmer, J., & Kuhlemeyer R. L. (1969). Finite dynamic model for infinite media. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 95, 859–878. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEA3.0001144
Ma, C., Lu, D., & Du, X. (2018). Seismic performance upgrading for underground structures by introducing sliding isolation bearings. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 74, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.007
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. (2010). Code for seismic design of buildings (GB 50011-2010). Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Na, U. J., Chaudhuri, S. R., & Shinozuka, M. (2009). Effects of spatial variation of soil properties on seismic performance of port structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29, 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.06.002
National Standardization Management Committee. (2005). Evaluation of seismic safety for engineering sites (GB 17741-2005). China Standard Press.
Nguyen, V.-Q., Nizamani, Z. A., Park, D., & Kwon, O.-S. (2020). Numerical simulation of damage evolution of Daikai station during the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Engineering Structures, 206, Article 110180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110180
Ohsaki, Y., & Iwasaki, R. (1973). On dynamic shear moduli and Poisson’s ratios of soil deposits. Soils and Foundations, 13, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.13.4_61
Papaioannou, I., & Straub, D. (2012). Reliability updating in geotechnical engineering including spatial variability of soil. Computers and Geotechnics, 42, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.12.004
Popescu, R. (1995). Stochastic variability of soil properties: data analysis, digital simulation, effects on system behavior. Princeton University, New Yersey.
Popescu, R., Deodatis, G., & Nobahar, A. (2005). Effects of random heterogeneity of soil properties on bearing capacity. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 20, 324–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2005.06.003
Tabatabaiefar, H. R., & Fatahi, B. (2014). Idealisation of soil–structure system to determine inelastic seismic response of mid-rise building frames. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 66, 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.08.007
Tsinidis, G., de Silva, F., Anastasopoulos, I., Bilotta, E., Bobet, A., Hashash, Y. M., He, C., Kampas, G., Knappett, J., Madabhushi, G., Nikitas, K., Silvestri, F., Viggiani, G., & Fuentes, R. (2020). Seismic behaviour of tunnels: From experiments to analysis. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 99, Article 103334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103334
VanMarcke, E. (1983). Random fields: analysis and synthesis. Rare Book Services, Princeton University, Princeton NJ.
Wang, H-f., Lou, M-l., & Zhang, R-l. (2017). Influence of presence of adjacent surface structure on seismic response of underground structure. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 100, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.05.031
Wang, Y., Cao, Z., & Au, S.-K. (2011). Practical reliability analysis of slope stability by advanced Monte Carlo simulations in a spreadsheet. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48, 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-044
Wang, Y., Chen, Q., Zhao, Z., & He, Z. (2021). A resilient column with angular friction damper for seismic performance upgrading of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 116, Article 104085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104085
Xu, H., & Gardoni, P. (2018). Improved latent space approach for modelling non-stationary spatial–temporal random fields. Spatial Statistics, 23, 160–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2018.01.003
Xu, H., & Gardoni, P. (2020). Conditional formulation for the calibration of multi-level random fields with incomplete data. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 204, Article 107121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107121
Yamato, T., Umehara, T., Aoki, H., Nakamura, S., Ezaki, J., & Suetomi, I. (1996). Damage to Daikai subway station of kobe rapid transit system and estimation of its reason during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. In Earthquake geotechnical case histories for performance-based design (pp. 303–320). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1996.537_303
Yu, H., Yuan, Y., Qiao, Z., Gu, Y., Yang, Z., & Li, X. (2013). Seismic analysis of a long tunnel based on multi-scale method. Engineering Structures, 49, 572–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.021
Yu, H., Xiao, W., Yuan, Y., & Taerwe, L. (2017). Seismic mitigation for immersion joints: Design and validation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 67, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.018
Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2020). Numerical investigations on the seismic response of a subway tunnel embedded in spatially random clays. Underground Space, 5(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2018.10.001
Zhuang, H., Ren, J., Miao, Y., Jing, L., Yao, E., & Xu, C. (2019). Seismic performance levels of a large underground subway station in different soil foundations. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 25(4), 2808–2833. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1651423
Castaldo, P., Calvello, M., & Palazzo, B. (2013). Probabilistic analysis of excavation-induced damages to existing structures. Computers and Geotechnics, 53, 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.04.008
Castaldo, P., & De Iuliis, M. (2014). Effects of deep excavation on seismic vulnerability of existing reinforced concrete framed structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 64, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.05.005
Chen, Z.-Y., Chen, W., & Bian, G.-Q. (2014). Seismic performance upgrading for underground structures by introducing shear panel dampers. Advances in Structural Engineering, 17, 1343–1357. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.17.9.1343
Davis, M. W. (1987). Production of conditional simulations via the LU triangular decomposition of the covariance matrix. Mathematical Geology, 19, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898189
Deodatis, G. (1996). Simulation of ergodic multivariate stochastic processes. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 122, 778–787. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1996)122:8(778)
Ding, J.-H., Jin, X.-L., Guo, Y.-Z., & Li, G.-G. (2006). Numerical simulation for large-scale seismic response analysis of immersed tunnel. Engineering Structures, 28, 1367–1377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.01.005
Do, N.-A., Dias, D., Oreste, P., & Djeran-Maigre, I. (2015). 2D numerical investigation of segmental tunnel lining under seismic loading. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 72, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.01.015
European Committee for Standardization. (2005). Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings (EN 1998-1). Brussels.
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2000). Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings (FEMA 356). Washington DC.
Haldar, S., & Babu, G. S. (2008). Effect of soil spatial variability on the response of laterally loaded pile in undrained clay. Computers and Geotechnics, 35, 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.10.004
Hariri-Ardebili, M. A., Seyed-Kolbadi, S. M., Saouma, V. E., Salamon, J. W., & Nuss, L. K. (2019). Anatomy of the vibration characteristics in old arch dams by random field theory. Engineering Structures, 179, 460–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.082
He, Z., & Chen, Q. (2021). Upgrading the seismic performance of underground structures by introducing lead-filled steel tube dampers. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 108, 103727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103727
He, Z., Xu, H., Gardoni, P., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Seismic demand and capacity models, and fragility estimates for underground structures considering spatially varying soil properties. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 119, Article 104231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104231
Huang, H., Gong, W., Khoshnevisan, S., Juang, C. H., Zhang, D., & Wang, L. (2015). Simplified procedure for finite element analysis of the longitudinal performance of shield tunnels considering spatial soil variability in longitudinal direction. Computers and Geotechnics, 64, 132–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.11.010
Huang, X., Zhou, X., Ma, W., Niu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2017). Two-dimensional stability assessment of rock slopes based on random field. International Journal of Geomechanics, 17, Article 04016155. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000858
Kim, H.-K., & Santamarina, J. C. (2008). Spatial variability: drained and undrained deviatoric load response. Geotechnique, 58, 805–814. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.3724
Kim, H., & Shields, M. D. (2015). Modeling strongly non-Gaussian non-stationary stochastic processes using the iterative translation approximation method and Karhunen–Loève expansion. Computers & Structures, 161, 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2015.08.010
Lee, J., & Fenves, G. L. (1998). Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 124, 892–900. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:8(892)
Lizarraga, H. S., & Lai, C. G. (2014). Effects of spatial variability of soil properties on the seismic response of an embankment dam. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 64, 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.03.016
Lu, D., Zhou, Y., Deng, X., & Zhang, C. (2017). Optimization of configuration and finite element modeling for lead-filled steel tube dampers. Engineering Mechanics, 34(3), 76–83 (in Chinese).
Lysmer, J., & Kuhlemeyer R. L. (1969). Finite dynamic model for infinite media. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 95, 859–878. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEA3.0001144
Ma, C., Lu, D., & Du, X. (2018). Seismic performance upgrading for underground structures by introducing sliding isolation bearings. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 74, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.007
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. (2010). Code for seismic design of buildings (GB 50011-2010). Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Na, U. J., Chaudhuri, S. R., & Shinozuka, M. (2009). Effects of spatial variation of soil properties on seismic performance of port structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29, 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.06.002
National Standardization Management Committee. (2005). Evaluation of seismic safety for engineering sites (GB 17741-2005). China Standard Press.
Nguyen, V.-Q., Nizamani, Z. A., Park, D., & Kwon, O.-S. (2020). Numerical simulation of damage evolution of Daikai station during the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Engineering Structures, 206, Article 110180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110180
Ohsaki, Y., & Iwasaki, R. (1973). On dynamic shear moduli and Poisson’s ratios of soil deposits. Soils and Foundations, 13, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.13.4_61
Papaioannou, I., & Straub, D. (2012). Reliability updating in geotechnical engineering including spatial variability of soil. Computers and Geotechnics, 42, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.12.004
Popescu, R. (1995). Stochastic variability of soil properties: data analysis, digital simulation, effects on system behavior. Princeton University, New Yersey.
Popescu, R., Deodatis, G., & Nobahar, A. (2005). Effects of random heterogeneity of soil properties on bearing capacity. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 20, 324–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2005.06.003
Tabatabaiefar, H. R., & Fatahi, B. (2014). Idealisation of soil–structure system to determine inelastic seismic response of mid-rise building frames. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 66, 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.08.007
Tsinidis, G., de Silva, F., Anastasopoulos, I., Bilotta, E., Bobet, A., Hashash, Y. M., He, C., Kampas, G., Knappett, J., Madabhushi, G., Nikitas, K., Silvestri, F., Viggiani, G., & Fuentes, R. (2020). Seismic behaviour of tunnels: From experiments to analysis. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 99, Article 103334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103334
VanMarcke, E. (1983). Random fields: analysis and synthesis. Rare Book Services, Princeton University, Princeton NJ.
Wang, H-f., Lou, M-l., & Zhang, R-l. (2017). Influence of presence of adjacent surface structure on seismic response of underground structure. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 100, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.05.031
Wang, Y., Cao, Z., & Au, S.-K. (2011). Practical reliability analysis of slope stability by advanced Monte Carlo simulations in a spreadsheet. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48, 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-044
Wang, Y., Chen, Q., Zhao, Z., & He, Z. (2021). A resilient column with angular friction damper for seismic performance upgrading of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 116, Article 104085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.104085
Xu, H., & Gardoni, P. (2018). Improved latent space approach for modelling non-stationary spatial–temporal random fields. Spatial Statistics, 23, 160–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2018.01.003
Xu, H., & Gardoni, P. (2020). Conditional formulation for the calibration of multi-level random fields with incomplete data. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 204, Article 107121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107121
Yamato, T., Umehara, T., Aoki, H., Nakamura, S., Ezaki, J., & Suetomi, I. (1996). Damage to Daikai subway station of kobe rapid transit system and estimation of its reason during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. In Earthquake geotechnical case histories for performance-based design (pp. 303–320). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1996.537_303
Yu, H., Yuan, Y., Qiao, Z., Gu, Y., Yang, Z., & Li, X. (2013). Seismic analysis of a long tunnel based on multi-scale method. Engineering Structures, 49, 572–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.021
Yu, H., Xiao, W., Yuan, Y., & Taerwe, L. (2017). Seismic mitigation for immersion joints: Design and validation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 67, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.018
Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2020). Numerical investigations on the seismic response of a subway tunnel embedded in spatially random clays. Underground Space, 5(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2018.10.001
Zhuang, H., Ren, J., Miao, Y., Jing, L., Yao, E., & Xu, C. (2019). Seismic performance levels of a large underground subway station in different soil foundations. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 25(4), 2808–2833. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1651423