Effect of dose and types of the water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers on concrete strength and durability behaviour: a review
Abstract
As one of the concrete admixtures, water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers are usually used to reduce the mixing water volume and improve the performance of the harden concrete while maintaining better workability of the fresh concrete. However, the concrete strength and durability properties are affected differently by different types and dosages of the water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers. Based on the published literatures, this paper comprehensively reviews and analyzes this problem. Different types of the concretes, including ordinary Portland cement concrete, ordinary Portland cement concrete containing pozzolan, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag, calcium sulfoaluminate cement concrete, ferrite aluminate cement concrete, recycled aggregates concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete, self-compacting concrete and ultra-high performance concrete, are considered to discuss the influence of types and dosages of the water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers on their strengths. Water absorption, frost resistance and permeability resistance of the concrete are mainly reviewed to discuss this influence on the durability properties of the concrete. Then, some suggestions on the application of the water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers in reinforced concrete structures and projects are proposed.
Keyword : type of the water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers, dosages of the water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers, concrete strength, durability property
How to Cite
Wang, X.-H., Fang, Z.-C., & Zheng, L. (2024). Effect of dose and types of the water reducing admixtures and superplasticizers on concrete strength and durability behaviour: a review. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 30(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2024.20145
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2010). A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36(3), 327–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.003
Aicha, M. B. (2020). 8 – The superplasticizer effect on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. In P. Samui, D. Kim, N. R. Iyer, & S. Chaudhary (Eds.), New materials in civil engineering (pp. 315–331). Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818961-0.00008-9
Alaka, H. A., & Oyedele, L. O. (2016). High volume fly ash concrete: The practical impact of using superabundant dose of high range water reducer. Journal of Building Engineering, 8, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.09.008
Alsadey, S. (2013). Effects of super plasticizing and retarding admixtures on properties of concrete. In International Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology (pp. 25–26), Bangkok, Thailand.
Antoni, H. J. G., Kusuma, O. C., & Hardjito, D. (2017). Optimizing polycarboxylate based superplasticizer dosage with different cement type. Procedia Engineering, 171, 752–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.442
ASTM International. (2004). Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic-cement concretes (ASTM C1585-04). West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
Benaicha, M., Alaoui, A. H., & Jalbaud, O. (2019). Dosage effect of superplasticizer on self-compacting concrete: correlation between rheology and strength. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(2), 2063–2069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.015
Bjömström, J., & Chandra, S. (2003). Effect of superplasticizers on the rheological properties of Cements. Materials and Structures, 36, 685–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479503
Boukendakdji, O., Kadri, E.-H., & Kenai, S. (2012). Effects of granulated blast furnace slag and superplasticizer type on the fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(4), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.013
Bullerjahn, F., Schmitt, D., & Haha, M. B. (2014). Effect of raw mix design and of clinkering process on the formation and mineralogical composition of (ternesite) belite calcium sulphoaluminate ferrite clinker. Cement and Concrete Research, 59, 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.02.004
Cartuxo, F., De Brito, J., & Evangelista, L. (2016). Increased durability of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates using superplasticizers. Materials, 9(2), Article 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020098
Castro, J., Bentz, D., & Weiss, J. (2011). Effect of sample conditioning on the water absorption of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(8), 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.007
Collepardi, M. M. (1996). Water reducers/retarders. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Concrete admixtures handbook (pp. 286–409). William Andrew Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-081551373-5.50010-6
Collepardi, M. (1998). Admixtures used to enhance placing characteristics of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 20(2–3), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00071-7
Courtial, M., de Noirfontaine, M. N., & Dunstetter, F. (2013). Effect of polycarboxylate and crushed quartz in UHPC: Microstructural investigation. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.077
De Schutter, G., Bartos, P. J. M., & Domone, P. (2008). Self-compacting concrete. Whittles Publishing, CRC Press LLC, Taylor and Francis Group, USA.
Hekal, E. E., & Kishar, E. A. (1999). Effect of sodium salt of naphthalene-formaldehyde polycondensate on ettringite formation. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(10), 1535–1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00110-6
El-Hosiny, F. I. (2002). Hydration and pore structure characteristic of superplasticized hardened slag cement pastes. Ceramics-Silikáty, 46(2), 63–67.
Elizondo-Martínez, E.-J., Andrés-Valeri, V.-C., Jato-Espino, D., & Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. (2020). Review of porous concrete as multifunctional and sustainable pavement. Journal of Building Engineering, 27, Article 100967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100967
Esen, Y., & Orhan, E. (2016). Investigation of the effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the dosage of additive in self-consolidating concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 20, 2849–2858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0258-2
Fujii, A. L., dos Reis Torres D., de Oliveira Romano, R. C., Cincotto, M. A., & Pileggi, R. G. (2015) Impact of superplasticizer on the hardening of slag Portland cement blended with red mud. Construction and Building Materials, 101, 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.057
Gagne, R., Pigeon, M., & Aitcin, P. C. (1991). Deicer salt scaling resistance of high strength concretes made with different cements. ACI Special Publication, 126, 185–200.
García-Maté, M., De la Torre A. G., León-Reina, L., Aranda, M. A. G., & Santacruz, I. (2013). Hydration studies of calcium sulfoaluminate cements blended with fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 54, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.07.010
Gesoğlu, M., Güneyisi, E., & Özturan, T. (2014). Self-consolidating characteristics of concrete composites including rounded fine and coarse fly ash lightweight aggregates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 60, 757–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.01.008
Grabiec, A. M. (1999). Contribution to the knowledge of melamine superplasticizer effect on some characteristics of concrete after long periods of hardening. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(5), 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00024-1
Gu, P., Xie, P., Beaudoin, J. J., & Jolicoeur, C. (1994). Investigation of the retarding effect of superplasticizers on cement hydration by impedance spectroscopy and other methods. Cement and Concrete Research, 24(3), 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90130-9
Henkensiefken, R., Castro, J., & Bentz, D. (2009). Water absorption in internally cured mortar made with water-filled lightweight aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research, 39(10), 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.06.009
Huang, Y., Pei, Y., & Qian, J. (2020). Bauxite free iron rich calcium sulfoaluminate cement: Preparation, hydration and properties. Construction and Building Materials, 249, Article 118774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118774
Huang, C., Cheng, Z., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., & Pang, J. (2021). The influence of water reducing agents on early hydration property of ferrite aluminate cement paste. Crystals, 11, Article 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070731
Jhatial, A. A., Sohu, S., & Lakhiar, M. T. (2018). Effectiveness of locally available superplasticizers on the workability and strength of concrete. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(12), 2919–2925. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091208
John, V. M., Quattrone, M., & Abrao, P. C. R. A. (2019). Rethinking cement standards: Opportunities for a better future. Cement and Concrete Research, 124, Article 105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105832
Ke, Y., Ortola, S., & Beaucour, A. L. (2010). Identification of microstructural characteristics in lightweight aggregate concretes by micromechanical modelling including the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Cement and Concrete Research, 40(11), 1590–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.07.001
Khaleel, O. R., Al-Mishhadani, S. A., & Razak, H. A. (2011). The effect of coarse aggregate on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Procedia Engineering, 14, 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.102
Khatib, J. M., & Mangat, P. S. (1999). Influence of superplasticizer and curing on porosity and pore structure of cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 21(5–6), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-9465(99)00031-1
Kim, Y. J., Choi, Y. W., & Lachemi, M. (2010). Characteristics of self-consolidating concrete using two types of lightweight coarse aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 24(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.004
Law, D. W., Adam, A. A., & Molyneaux, T. K. (2015). Long term durability properties of class F fly ash geopolymer concrete. Materials and Structures, 48(3), 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0268-9
Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, B. (2012). The influence of selected new generation admixtures on the workability, air-voids parameters and frost-resistance of self compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 31, 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.107
Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, B., & Szwabowski, J. (2012). The influence of the type of anti-foaming admixture and superplasticizer on the properties of self-compacting mortar and concrete. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 18(3), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.698908
Manomi, N., Sathyan, D., & Anand, K. B. (2018). Coupled effect of superplasticizer dosage and fly ash content on strength and durability of concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(11), 24033–24042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.196
Marchon, D., & Flatt, R. J. (2016). Impact of chemical admixtures on cement hydration. In P.-C. Aïtcin, & R. J. Flatt (Eds.), Science and technology of concrete admixtures (pp. 279–304). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.016/B978-0-08-100693-1.00012-6
Matias, D., de Brito, J., & Rosa, A. (2013a). Mechanical properties of concrete produced with recycled coarse aggregates – Influence of the use of superplasticizers. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.011
Matias, D., de Brito, J., Rosa, A., & Pedro, D. (2013b). Durability of concrete with recycled coarse aggregates: Influence of superplasticizers. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(7), 06014011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000961
Mazloom, M., Soltani, A., & Karamloo, M. (2018). Effects of silica fume, superplasticizer dosage and type of superplasticizer on the properties of normal and self-compacting concrete. Advances in Materials Research, 7(1), 45–72. https://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2018.7.1.045
Mehta, P. K. (1999). Advancements in concrete technology. Concrete International, 21(6), 69–76.
Mehta, P. K., & Monteiro, P. J. M. (2017). Concrete microstructure, properties and materials (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Memon, N. A., Sumadi, S. R., & Ramli, M. (2007). Performance of high workability slag-cement mortar for ferrocement. Building and Environment, 42(7), 2710–2717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.015
Muhit, I. B. (2013). Dosage limit determination of superplasticizing admixture and effect evaluation on properties of concrete. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4(3), 1–4.
Olorunsogo, F. T., & Padayachee, N. (2002). Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00653-6
Oner, A., Akyuz, S., & Yildiz, R. (2005). An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and optimum usage of fly ash in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1165–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.031
Oualit, M., Irekti, A., & Melinge, Y. (2018). Saturation point of superplasticizers determined by rheological tests for self compacting concrete. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 62(2), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.11247
Özbay, E., Erdemir, M., & Durmuş, H. İ. (2016). Utilization and efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag on concrete properties – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 105, 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.153
Papayianni, I., Tsohos, G., Oikonomou, N., & Mavria, P. (2005). Influence of superplasticizer type and mix design parameters on the performance of them in concrete mixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.010
Parrott, L. J. (1992). Water absorption in cover concrete. Materials and Structures, 25(5), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472669
Pereira, P., Evangelista, L., & de Brito, J. (2012a). The effect of superplasticisers on the workability and compressive strength of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 722–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.050
Pereira, P., Evangelista, L., & de Brito, J. (2012b). The effect of superplasticizers on the mechanical performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(9), 1044–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.06.009
Pigeon, M., Marchand, J., & Pleau, R. (1996). Frost resistant concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 10(5), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00067-4
Plank, J., & Ilg, M. (2019). The role of chemical admixtures in the formulation of modern advanced concrete. In W. Boshoff, R. Combrinck, V., Mechtcherine, & M. Wyrzykowski (Eds.), 3rd International Conference on the Application of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) and Other New Admixtures Towards Smart Concrete. SAP 2019. RILEM Bookseries (Vol. 24, pp. 143–157). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33342-3_16
Qin, L., Gao, X., & Zhang, A. (2018). Potential application of Portland cement-calcium sulfoaluminate cement blends to avoid early age frost damage. Construction and Building Materials, 190, 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.136
Ramachandran, V. S., & Malhotra, V. M. (1996). Superplasticizers. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Concrete admixtures handbook (pp. 410–517). William Andrew Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-081551373-5.50011-8
Ramachandran, D., George, R. P., & Vishwakarma, V. (2017). Strength and durability studies of fly ash concrete in sea water environments compared with normal and superplasticizer concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(4), 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0272-4
Raut, S. R., Saklecha, P. P., & Kedar, R. S. (2015). Review on ground granulated blast-furnace slag as a supplementary cementitious material. International Journal of Computer Applications, 975, Article 8887.
Sadrmomtazi, A., Tajasosi, S., & Tahmouresi, B. (2018). Effect of materials proportion on rheology and mechanical strength and microstructure of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Construction and Building Materials, 187, 1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.070
Salem, M., Alsadey, S., & Johari, M. (2016). Effect of superplasticizer dosage on workability and strength characteristics of concrete. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 13(4), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-130407153158
Sathyan, D., & Anand, K. B. (2019). Influence of superplasticizer family on the durability characteristics of fly ash incorporated cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 204, 864–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.171
Shah, S. N. R., Aslam, M., & Shah, S. A. (2014). Behaviour of normal concrete using superplasticizer under different curing regimes. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 15, 87–94.
Shuldyakov, K., Kramar, L., & Trofimov, B. (2016). Superplasticizer effect on cement paste structure and concrete freeze-thaw resistance. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1698, Article 070011. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4937881
Stuart, K. D., Anderson, D. A., & Cady, P. D. (1980). Compressive strength studies on Portland cement mortars containing fly ash and superplasticizer. Cement and Concrete Research, 10(6), 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(80)90010-1
Tam, C. M., Tam, V. W. Y., & Ng, K. M. (2012). Assessing drying shrinkage and water permeability of reactive powder concrete produced in Hong Kong. Construction and Building Materials, 26(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.05.006
Tang, S. W., Yao, Y., & Andrade, C. (2015). Recent durability studies on concrete structure. Cement and Concrete Research, 78, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.021
Wang, D., Shi, C., & Wu, Z. (2015). A review on ultra high performance concrete: Part II. Hydration, microstructure and properties. Construction and Building Materials, 96, 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.095
Wang, R., Gao, X., & Huang, H. (2017). Influence of rheological properties of cement mortar on steel fiber distribution in UHPC. Construction and Building Materials, 144, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.173
Wilson, H. S., & Malhotra, V. M. (1988). Development of high strength lightweight concrete for structural applications. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 10(2), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(88)90034-6
Wu, Y., Li, Q., Li, G., Tang, S., Niu, M., & Wu, Y. (2021). Effect of naphthalene-based superplasticizer and polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer on the properties of sulfoaluminate cement. Materials, 14, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030662
Yaphary, Y. L., Lam, R. H. W., & Lau, D. (2017). Chemical technologies for modern concrete production. Procedia Engineering, 172, 1270–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.150
Yoo, D. Y., & Banthia, N. (2016). Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete: A review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 73, 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.08.001
Yoshioka, K., Sakai, E., & Daimon, M. (1997). Role of steric hindrance in the performance of superplasticizers for concrete. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 80(10), 2667–2671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03169.x
Zaharieva, R., Buyle-Bodin, F., & Skoczylas, F. (2003). Assessment of the surface permeation properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 25(2), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00010-0
Zhang, M., & Li, H. (2011). Pore structure and chloride permeability of concrete containing nano-particles for pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.032
Zhang, Y., & Kong, X. (2014). Influences of superplasticizer, polymer latexes and asphalt emulsions on the pore structure and impermeability of hardened cementitious materials. Construction and Building Materials, 53, 392–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.104
Zhang, G., Li, G., & Li, Y. (2016). Effects of superplasticizers and retarders on the fluidity and strength of sulphoaluminate cement. Construction and Building Materials, 126, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.019
Zhang, K., Pan, L., & Li, J. (2019). How does adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizer effect rheology and flowability of cement paste with polypropylene fiber. Cement and Concrete Composites, 95, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.003
Zhou, M., Wu, Z., & Ouyang, X. (2021). Mixture design methods for ultra-high-performance concrete-a review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 124, Article 104242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104242
Aicha, M. B. (2020). 8 – The superplasticizer effect on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. In P. Samui, D. Kim, N. R. Iyer, & S. Chaudhary (Eds.), New materials in civil engineering (pp. 315–331). Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818961-0.00008-9
Alaka, H. A., & Oyedele, L. O. (2016). High volume fly ash concrete: The practical impact of using superabundant dose of high range water reducer. Journal of Building Engineering, 8, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.09.008
Alsadey, S. (2013). Effects of super plasticizing and retarding admixtures on properties of concrete. In International Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology (pp. 25–26), Bangkok, Thailand.
Antoni, H. J. G., Kusuma, O. C., & Hardjito, D. (2017). Optimizing polycarboxylate based superplasticizer dosage with different cement type. Procedia Engineering, 171, 752–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.442
ASTM International. (2004). Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic-cement concretes (ASTM C1585-04). West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
Benaicha, M., Alaoui, A. H., & Jalbaud, O. (2019). Dosage effect of superplasticizer on self-compacting concrete: correlation between rheology and strength. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(2), 2063–2069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.015
Bjömström, J., & Chandra, S. (2003). Effect of superplasticizers on the rheological properties of Cements. Materials and Structures, 36, 685–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479503
Boukendakdji, O., Kadri, E.-H., & Kenai, S. (2012). Effects of granulated blast furnace slag and superplasticizer type on the fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(4), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.013
Bullerjahn, F., Schmitt, D., & Haha, M. B. (2014). Effect of raw mix design and of clinkering process on the formation and mineralogical composition of (ternesite) belite calcium sulphoaluminate ferrite clinker. Cement and Concrete Research, 59, 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.02.004
Cartuxo, F., De Brito, J., & Evangelista, L. (2016). Increased durability of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates using superplasticizers. Materials, 9(2), Article 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020098
Castro, J., Bentz, D., & Weiss, J. (2011). Effect of sample conditioning on the water absorption of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(8), 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.007
Collepardi, M. M. (1996). Water reducers/retarders. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Concrete admixtures handbook (pp. 286–409). William Andrew Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-081551373-5.50010-6
Collepardi, M. (1998). Admixtures used to enhance placing characteristics of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 20(2–3), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00071-7
Courtial, M., de Noirfontaine, M. N., & Dunstetter, F. (2013). Effect of polycarboxylate and crushed quartz in UHPC: Microstructural investigation. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.077
De Schutter, G., Bartos, P. J. M., & Domone, P. (2008). Self-compacting concrete. Whittles Publishing, CRC Press LLC, Taylor and Francis Group, USA.
Hekal, E. E., & Kishar, E. A. (1999). Effect of sodium salt of naphthalene-formaldehyde polycondensate on ettringite formation. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(10), 1535–1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00110-6
El-Hosiny, F. I. (2002). Hydration and pore structure characteristic of superplasticized hardened slag cement pastes. Ceramics-Silikáty, 46(2), 63–67.
Elizondo-Martínez, E.-J., Andrés-Valeri, V.-C., Jato-Espino, D., & Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. (2020). Review of porous concrete as multifunctional and sustainable pavement. Journal of Building Engineering, 27, Article 100967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100967
Esen, Y., & Orhan, E. (2016). Investigation of the effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the dosage of additive in self-consolidating concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 20, 2849–2858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0258-2
Fujii, A. L., dos Reis Torres D., de Oliveira Romano, R. C., Cincotto, M. A., & Pileggi, R. G. (2015) Impact of superplasticizer on the hardening of slag Portland cement blended with red mud. Construction and Building Materials, 101, 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.057
Gagne, R., Pigeon, M., & Aitcin, P. C. (1991). Deicer salt scaling resistance of high strength concretes made with different cements. ACI Special Publication, 126, 185–200.
García-Maté, M., De la Torre A. G., León-Reina, L., Aranda, M. A. G., & Santacruz, I. (2013). Hydration studies of calcium sulfoaluminate cements blended with fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 54, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.07.010
Gesoğlu, M., Güneyisi, E., & Özturan, T. (2014). Self-consolidating characteristics of concrete composites including rounded fine and coarse fly ash lightweight aggregates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 60, 757–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.01.008
Grabiec, A. M. (1999). Contribution to the knowledge of melamine superplasticizer effect on some characteristics of concrete after long periods of hardening. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(5), 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00024-1
Gu, P., Xie, P., Beaudoin, J. J., & Jolicoeur, C. (1994). Investigation of the retarding effect of superplasticizers on cement hydration by impedance spectroscopy and other methods. Cement and Concrete Research, 24(3), 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90130-9
Henkensiefken, R., Castro, J., & Bentz, D. (2009). Water absorption in internally cured mortar made with water-filled lightweight aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research, 39(10), 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.06.009
Huang, Y., Pei, Y., & Qian, J. (2020). Bauxite free iron rich calcium sulfoaluminate cement: Preparation, hydration and properties. Construction and Building Materials, 249, Article 118774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118774
Huang, C., Cheng, Z., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., & Pang, J. (2021). The influence of water reducing agents on early hydration property of ferrite aluminate cement paste. Crystals, 11, Article 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070731
Jhatial, A. A., Sohu, S., & Lakhiar, M. T. (2018). Effectiveness of locally available superplasticizers on the workability and strength of concrete. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(12), 2919–2925. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091208
John, V. M., Quattrone, M., & Abrao, P. C. R. A. (2019). Rethinking cement standards: Opportunities for a better future. Cement and Concrete Research, 124, Article 105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105832
Ke, Y., Ortola, S., & Beaucour, A. L. (2010). Identification of microstructural characteristics in lightweight aggregate concretes by micromechanical modelling including the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Cement and Concrete Research, 40(11), 1590–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.07.001
Khaleel, O. R., Al-Mishhadani, S. A., & Razak, H. A. (2011). The effect of coarse aggregate on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Procedia Engineering, 14, 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.102
Khatib, J. M., & Mangat, P. S. (1999). Influence of superplasticizer and curing on porosity and pore structure of cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 21(5–6), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-9465(99)00031-1
Kim, Y. J., Choi, Y. W., & Lachemi, M. (2010). Characteristics of self-consolidating concrete using two types of lightweight coarse aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 24(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.004
Law, D. W., Adam, A. A., & Molyneaux, T. K. (2015). Long term durability properties of class F fly ash geopolymer concrete. Materials and Structures, 48(3), 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0268-9
Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, B. (2012). The influence of selected new generation admixtures on the workability, air-voids parameters and frost-resistance of self compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 31, 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.107
Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, B., & Szwabowski, J. (2012). The influence of the type of anti-foaming admixture and superplasticizer on the properties of self-compacting mortar and concrete. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 18(3), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.698908
Manomi, N., Sathyan, D., & Anand, K. B. (2018). Coupled effect of superplasticizer dosage and fly ash content on strength and durability of concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(11), 24033–24042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.196
Marchon, D., & Flatt, R. J. (2016). Impact of chemical admixtures on cement hydration. In P.-C. Aïtcin, & R. J. Flatt (Eds.), Science and technology of concrete admixtures (pp. 279–304). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.016/B978-0-08-100693-1.00012-6
Matias, D., de Brito, J., & Rosa, A. (2013a). Mechanical properties of concrete produced with recycled coarse aggregates – Influence of the use of superplasticizers. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.011
Matias, D., de Brito, J., Rosa, A., & Pedro, D. (2013b). Durability of concrete with recycled coarse aggregates: Influence of superplasticizers. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(7), 06014011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000961
Mazloom, M., Soltani, A., & Karamloo, M. (2018). Effects of silica fume, superplasticizer dosage and type of superplasticizer on the properties of normal and self-compacting concrete. Advances in Materials Research, 7(1), 45–72. https://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2018.7.1.045
Mehta, P. K. (1999). Advancements in concrete technology. Concrete International, 21(6), 69–76.
Mehta, P. K., & Monteiro, P. J. M. (2017). Concrete microstructure, properties and materials (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Memon, N. A., Sumadi, S. R., & Ramli, M. (2007). Performance of high workability slag-cement mortar for ferrocement. Building and Environment, 42(7), 2710–2717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.015
Muhit, I. B. (2013). Dosage limit determination of superplasticizing admixture and effect evaluation on properties of concrete. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4(3), 1–4.
Olorunsogo, F. T., & Padayachee, N. (2002). Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00653-6
Oner, A., Akyuz, S., & Yildiz, R. (2005). An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and optimum usage of fly ash in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1165–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.031
Oualit, M., Irekti, A., & Melinge, Y. (2018). Saturation point of superplasticizers determined by rheological tests for self compacting concrete. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 62(2), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.11247
Özbay, E., Erdemir, M., & Durmuş, H. İ. (2016). Utilization and efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag on concrete properties – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 105, 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.153
Papayianni, I., Tsohos, G., Oikonomou, N., & Mavria, P. (2005). Influence of superplasticizer type and mix design parameters on the performance of them in concrete mixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.010
Parrott, L. J. (1992). Water absorption in cover concrete. Materials and Structures, 25(5), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472669
Pereira, P., Evangelista, L., & de Brito, J. (2012a). The effect of superplasticisers on the workability and compressive strength of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 722–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.050
Pereira, P., Evangelista, L., & de Brito, J. (2012b). The effect of superplasticizers on the mechanical performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(9), 1044–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.06.009
Pigeon, M., Marchand, J., & Pleau, R. (1996). Frost resistant concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 10(5), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00067-4
Plank, J., & Ilg, M. (2019). The role of chemical admixtures in the formulation of modern advanced concrete. In W. Boshoff, R. Combrinck, V., Mechtcherine, & M. Wyrzykowski (Eds.), 3rd International Conference on the Application of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) and Other New Admixtures Towards Smart Concrete. SAP 2019. RILEM Bookseries (Vol. 24, pp. 143–157). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33342-3_16
Qin, L., Gao, X., & Zhang, A. (2018). Potential application of Portland cement-calcium sulfoaluminate cement blends to avoid early age frost damage. Construction and Building Materials, 190, 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.136
Ramachandran, V. S., & Malhotra, V. M. (1996). Superplasticizers. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Concrete admixtures handbook (pp. 410–517). William Andrew Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-081551373-5.50011-8
Ramachandran, D., George, R. P., & Vishwakarma, V. (2017). Strength and durability studies of fly ash concrete in sea water environments compared with normal and superplasticizer concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(4), 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0272-4
Raut, S. R., Saklecha, P. P., & Kedar, R. S. (2015). Review on ground granulated blast-furnace slag as a supplementary cementitious material. International Journal of Computer Applications, 975, Article 8887.
Sadrmomtazi, A., Tajasosi, S., & Tahmouresi, B. (2018). Effect of materials proportion on rheology and mechanical strength and microstructure of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Construction and Building Materials, 187, 1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.070
Salem, M., Alsadey, S., & Johari, M. (2016). Effect of superplasticizer dosage on workability and strength characteristics of concrete. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 13(4), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-130407153158
Sathyan, D., & Anand, K. B. (2019). Influence of superplasticizer family on the durability characteristics of fly ash incorporated cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 204, 864–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.171
Shah, S. N. R., Aslam, M., & Shah, S. A. (2014). Behaviour of normal concrete using superplasticizer under different curing regimes. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 15, 87–94.
Shuldyakov, K., Kramar, L., & Trofimov, B. (2016). Superplasticizer effect on cement paste structure and concrete freeze-thaw resistance. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1698, Article 070011. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4937881
Stuart, K. D., Anderson, D. A., & Cady, P. D. (1980). Compressive strength studies on Portland cement mortars containing fly ash and superplasticizer. Cement and Concrete Research, 10(6), 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(80)90010-1
Tam, C. M., Tam, V. W. Y., & Ng, K. M. (2012). Assessing drying shrinkage and water permeability of reactive powder concrete produced in Hong Kong. Construction and Building Materials, 26(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.05.006
Tang, S. W., Yao, Y., & Andrade, C. (2015). Recent durability studies on concrete structure. Cement and Concrete Research, 78, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.021
Wang, D., Shi, C., & Wu, Z. (2015). A review on ultra high performance concrete: Part II. Hydration, microstructure and properties. Construction and Building Materials, 96, 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.095
Wang, R., Gao, X., & Huang, H. (2017). Influence of rheological properties of cement mortar on steel fiber distribution in UHPC. Construction and Building Materials, 144, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.173
Wilson, H. S., & Malhotra, V. M. (1988). Development of high strength lightweight concrete for structural applications. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 10(2), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(88)90034-6
Wu, Y., Li, Q., Li, G., Tang, S., Niu, M., & Wu, Y. (2021). Effect of naphthalene-based superplasticizer and polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer on the properties of sulfoaluminate cement. Materials, 14, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030662
Yaphary, Y. L., Lam, R. H. W., & Lau, D. (2017). Chemical technologies for modern concrete production. Procedia Engineering, 172, 1270–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.150
Yoo, D. Y., & Banthia, N. (2016). Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete: A review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 73, 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.08.001
Yoshioka, K., Sakai, E., & Daimon, M. (1997). Role of steric hindrance in the performance of superplasticizers for concrete. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 80(10), 2667–2671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03169.x
Zaharieva, R., Buyle-Bodin, F., & Skoczylas, F. (2003). Assessment of the surface permeation properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 25(2), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00010-0
Zhang, M., & Li, H. (2011). Pore structure and chloride permeability of concrete containing nano-particles for pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.032
Zhang, Y., & Kong, X. (2014). Influences of superplasticizer, polymer latexes and asphalt emulsions on the pore structure and impermeability of hardened cementitious materials. Construction and Building Materials, 53, 392–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.104
Zhang, G., Li, G., & Li, Y. (2016). Effects of superplasticizers and retarders on the fluidity and strength of sulphoaluminate cement. Construction and Building Materials, 126, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.019
Zhang, K., Pan, L., & Li, J. (2019). How does adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizer effect rheology and flowability of cement paste with polypropylene fiber. Cement and Concrete Composites, 95, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.003
Zhou, M., Wu, Z., & Ouyang, X. (2021). Mixture design methods for ultra-high-performance concrete-a review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 124, Article 104242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104242