Communicating Lithuania’s destination branding
Abstract
Increasingly, academics and practitioners are turning their attention towards destination branding as a serious topic of research and enquiry. In an attempt to differentiate themselves from competitors, tourism authorities across Europe are developing unique and highly targeted advertising campaigns. However, research being conducted indicates that whatever the destination country, tourists make their decisions for very similar reasons. This research analyses how Lithuania brand communicates its campaign message to tourists, and the experience of those tourists who have visited the country, as well as gauge their response, i.e. expectations, opinions and recommendations about the campaign. Specifically, the research analysed the destination branding campaign “Lithuania. Real is Beautiful” and its corollary, i.e. nature (“See nature”), culture (“Explore culture”), food (“Taste food”), people (“Meet people”) and activity (“Stay active”), and how (and in what ways) the campaign reflects the criteria that tourists used to make Lithuania their holiday destination, as well as the opinions they formed about our country.
The response from tourists clearly shows that Lithuania’s current advertising campaign is failing to make the connection with, and leverage off, the country’s highly symbolic national flag. The red, green and yellow of the flag demonstrate a visual uniqueness and act as signifiers for the country as a whole, and this is what tourists would like to see.
Article in English.
Lietuvos krypties prekės ženklo komunikacija
Santrauka
Šiandien šalies krypties ženklodara tapo diskusijų dėmesio centre tiek tarp šios srities mokslininkų, tiek tarp praktikų. Didėjant konkurencijai, šalys reklaminėse kampanijose siekia parodyti savo unikalumą. Tačiau tyrimai rodo, kad šalies kaip turizmo krypties pasirinkimo kriterijai dažniausiai yra panašūs ir galioja daugumai šalių. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti Lietuvos krypties ženklodaros komunikaciją remiantis turizmo prekės ženklu, nustatyti Lietuvą aplankiusių turistų nuomonę apie šalį ir jos prekės ženklą, išsiaiškinti, ar Lietuvos prekės ženklo kampanijos lydimieji ženklai atitinka turistų nuomonę, patirtis ir rekomendacijas. Atliekant tyrimą analizuota, kaip reklaminė turizmo kampanija ,,Lithuania. Real is Beautiful“ ir jo lydimieji ženklai – gamta („See nature“), kultūra („Explore culture“), maistas („Taste food“), žmonės („Meet people“), aktyvumas („Stay active“) – atspindi Lietuvos turistų (visiters) krypčių pasirinkimo kriterijus ir asociacijas, su kuriomis turistai sieja Lietuvą.
Tradiciškai turistai renkasi Lietuvą dėl kultūros ir žmonių. Nors gražią gamtą turistai nurodo kaip vieną svarbiausių Lietuvos asociacijų, vis dėlto gamta yra ketvirtas pagal svarbą pasirinkimo kriterijus. Reklaminėje šalies kampanijoje turistams trūko Lietuvą simbolizuojančių spalvų, unikalumo ir bendrai vizualios informacijos apie šalį.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: krypties ženklodara, prekės ženklas, prekės ženklo komunikacija, komunikacija, turizmas, vietos ženklodara, rinkodara.
Keyword : destination brand, branding, brand communication, communication, tourism, place branding, marketing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Anholt, S. (2007). Competitive identity: the new brand management for nations, cities and regions. Palgrave Macmillan.
Anholt, S. (2009). Should place brands be simple? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 5(2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2009.6
Anholt, S. (2010). Definitions of place branding – Working towards a resolution. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2010.3
Ashton, A. S. (2018). Spiritual retreat tourism development in the Asia Pacific region: Investigating the impact of tourist satisfaction and intention to revisit: A Chiang Mai, Thailand case study. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(11), 1098–1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1526198
Avraham, E., & Ketter, K. (2008). Media strategies for marketing places in crisis: Improving the image of cities, countries and tourist destinations. Routledge.
Avraham, E., & Daugherty, D. (2012). “Step into the real Texas”: Associating and claiming state narrative in advertising and tourism brochures. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1385–1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.12.022
Blain, C., Levy, S. E., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2005). Destination branding: insights and practices from destination management organisations. Journal of Travel Research, 43(4), 328– 338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505274646
Daye, M. (2010). Challenges and prospects of differentiating destination brands: The case of Dutch Caribbean Islands. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903534725
De San Eugenio Vela, J. (2011). Teoria i mètodes per a marques de territory. Editorial UOC.
Dinnie, K. (2009). Nation branding: concepts, issues, practice. Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080554570
Falk, M., & Katz-Gerro, T. (2017). Modeling travel decisions: Urban exploration, cultural immersion, or both? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(3), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1182455
Gali, N., Camprubi, R., & Donaire, J. A. (2017). Analysing tourism slogans in top tourism destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(3), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.04.004
Hanna, S., & Rowley, J. (2008). An analysis of terminology use in place branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4(1),61–75. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000084
Hunter, W. C. (2008). A Typology of photographic representations for tourism: Depictions of groomed spaces. Tourism Management, 29(2), 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.008
Johar, V. G., Sengupita, J., & Aaker, J. L. (2005). Two roads to updating brand personality impressions: Trait versus evaluative inferencing. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(4), 458–469. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.4.458
Jönsson, C., & Devonish, D. (2008). Does nationality, gender, and age affect travel motivation? A case of visitors to the Caribbean island of Barbados. Journal of Travel &Tourism Marketing, 25(3–4), 398–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802508499
Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299305700101
Kim, S. S., & Prideaux, B. (2005). Marketing implications arising from a comparative study of international pleasure tourist motivations and other travel-related characteristics of visitors to Korea. Tourism Management, 26(3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.022
Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29(3), 458–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.011
Low, G. S., & Ronald, A. F. (1994). Brands, brand management and the brand manager system: A critical historical evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379403100203
Marder, B., Erz, A., & Angell, R. (2019). The role of photograph aesthetics on online review sites: effects of management- versus traveller-generated photos on tourists’ decision making. Journal of Travel Research, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519895125
Morosan, C., & Bowen, J. T. (2018). Analytic perspectives on online purchasing in hotels: a review of literature and research directions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(1), 557–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2016-0566
Olins, W. (2000). How brands are taking over the corporation. In M. Schultz, M. Hatch, & M. Larsen (Eds.), The expressive organization: Linking identity, reputation, and the corporate brand (pp. 51–65). Oxford University Press.
Qu, H., Kim, L. H., & Im, H. H. (2011). A model of destination branding: Integrating the concepts of the branding and destination image. Tourism Management, 32(3), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.014
Séraphin, H., Ambaye, M., Gowreesunkar, V., & Bonnardel, V. (2016). A marketing research tool for destination marketing organizations’ logo design. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5022–5027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.074
Séraphin, H., Yallop, A., Capatina, A., & Gowreesunkar, V. (2018). Heritage in tourism organisations’ branding strategy: The case of a post-colonial, post-conflict and postdisaster destination. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 12(1), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-05-2017-0057
Sheng-Hshiung, T., Yu-Ling, L., & Chin-Fa, T. (2020). Analyzing the important implications of tourism marketing slogans and logos in Asia Pacific nations. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(4), 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1710223
Solís-Radilla, M. M., Hernández-Lobato, L., Callarisa-Fiol, L. J., & Pastor-Durán, H. T. (2019). The importance of sustainability in the loyalty to a tourist destination through the management of expectations and experiences. Sustainability, 11, 4132. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154132
Sotiriadis, M. D. (2017). Sharing tourism experiences in social media: A literature review and a set of suggested business strategies. International Journal of Contemporary. Hospitality Management, 29(1), 179–225. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2016-0300
Statistics Lithuania. (2016). Turizmas Lietuvoje [Tourism in Lithuania]. http://eia.libis.lt/item.php?item=turizmas_lietuvoje_2016_00_00.pdf&type=date
Su, L., & Swanson, S. R. (2017). The effect of destination social responsibility on tourist environmentally responsible behaviour: Compared analysis of first-time and repeat tourists. Tourism Management, 60, 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.011
Szondi, G. (2006). The role and challenges of country branding in trasition countries: The Central and Eastern European experiences. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 3(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000044
The Brandbook for Lithuanian Cultural and Natural Heritage. (2017). http://www.tourism.lt/uploads/documents/20170421_Turizmas_BB.pdf
Villamediana-Pedrosa, J. D., Vila-Lopez, N., & KüsterBoluda, I. (2019). Secrets to design an effective message on Facebook: an application to a touristic destination based on big data analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(15), 1841–1861. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1554625
Vinyals-Mirabenta, S., Kavaratzisb M., & Fernández-Caviaa, J. (2019). The role of functional associations in building destination brand personality: When official websites do the talking. Tourism Management, 75, 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.022