Share:


Job satisfaction during COVID-19: industry 5.0 as a driver of sustainable development and gender equality

    Dinorah Frutos-Bencze   Affiliation
    ; Marcela Sokolova   Affiliation
    ; Vaclav Zubr   Affiliation
    ; Hana Mohelska   Affiliation

Abstract

Employee job satisfaction is essential for organizations because it influences motivation as well as productivity, and consequently the overall performance of an organization. As the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many work-related processes and practices, the Industry 5.0 framework formulated new approaches for a sustainable and resilient European industry. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the pandemic on job satisfaction in terms of gender differences and firm size in the context of the Industry 5.0 paradigm. Job Satisfaction Surveys (JSS) from the year 2013 to 2021 were analyzed. Our results indicate that in the Czech Republic, overall job satisfaction did not decline during the pandemic, and women were slightly more satisfied than men. Moreover, overall job satisfaction was slightly higher in small firms. These are surprising results, given the negative impacts on employment reported by many countries. We explore the differences in government policies and programs enacted during the pandemic to assist employers and employees to mitigate the negative impacts of the pandemic. In general, Czech and EU policies appeared to be better in mitigating unemployment rates than US policies. The findings are valuable for crafting best practices for organizations and future policy and program planning for governments.

Keyword : job satisfaction survey (JSS), job satisfaction determinants, gender, working conditions, firm size, COVID-19

How to Cite
Frutos-Bencze, D., Sokolova, M., Zubr, V., & Mohelska, H. (2022). Job satisfaction during COVID-19: industry 5.0 as a driver of sustainable development and gender equality. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(5), 1527–1544. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17680
Published in Issue
Oct 10, 2022
Abstract Views
1117
PDF Downloads
911
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality (NBER Working Paper Series). https://doi.org/10.3386/w26947

Bellou, V. (2010). Organizational culture as a predictor of job satisfaction: The role of gender and age. Career Development International, 15(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431011020862

Bennedsen, M., Larsen, B., Schmutte, I., & Scur, D. (2020). Preserving job matches during the COVID-19 pandemic: firm-level evidence on the role of government aid. (GLO Discussion Paper Series 588). Global Labor Organization (GLO).

Breque, M., De Nul, L., & Petridis, A. (2021). Industry 5.0: towards a sustainable, human-centric and resilient European industry. Publications Office, 2021. European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/308407

Brooke, P. P., Russell, D. W., & Price, J. L. (1988). Discriminant validation of measures of job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.139

Bureš, V., & Rácz, F. (2017). Identification of sustainability key factors based on capturing dominant feedbacks of behavioural stereotypes in socio-economic systems. Systems, 5(2), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5020042

Burke, T. P., & Morton, J. D. (1990). How firm size and industry affect employee benefits. Monthly Labor Review, 113, 35.

Carli, L. L. (2020). Women, gender equality and COVID-19. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(7/8), 647–655. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2020-0236

Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Hendren, N., Stepner, M., & Team, T. O. I. (2020). How did COVID-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A new real-time economic tracker based on private sector data (Vol. 27431). National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, MA.

Collings, D. G., Nyberg, A. J., Wright, P. M., & McMackin, J. (2021). Leading through paradox in a COVID‐19 world: Human resources comes of age. Human Resource Management Journal, 31(4), 819–833. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12343

Collins, C., Landivar, L. C., Ruppanner, L., & Scarborough, W. J. (2021). COVID‐19 and the gender gap in work hours. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(S1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12506

Corkery, M., & Mahashwari, S. (2020). Virus cases rise but hazard pay for retail workers doesn’t. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/business/retail-workers-hazard-pay.html

Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., Postel‐Vinay, F., & Xu, X. (2020). The challenges for labour market policy during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12233

de Galdeano, A. S. (2002). Gender differences in job satisfaction and labour market participation: UK evidence from propensity score estimates. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.181.554&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Dulebohn, J. H., Molloy, J. C., Pichler, S. M., & Murray, B. (2009). Employee benefits: Literature review and emerging issues. Human Resource Management Review, 19(2), 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.10.001

Feng, Z., & Savani, K. (2020). Covid-19 created a gender gap in perceived work productivity and job satisfaction: Implications for dual-career parents working from home. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(7/8), 719–736. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2020-0202

Franěk, M., Mohelská, H., Zubr, V., Bachmann, P., & Sokolová, M. (2014). Organizational and sociodemographic determinants of job satisfaction in the Czech Republic. Sage Open, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014552426

García‐Serrano, C. (2011). Does size matter? The influence of firm size on working conditions, job satisfaction and quit intentions. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 58(2), 221–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2011.00544.x

Gezici, A., & Ozay, O. (2020). How race and gender shape Covid-19 unemployment probability (PERI Working Paper Series, 521). SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3675022

Gholami Fesharaki, M., Talebiyan, D., Aghamiri, Z., & Mohammadian, M. (2012). Reliability and validity of “Job Satisfaction Survey” questionnaire in military health care workers. Journal of Military Medicine, 13(4), 241–246.

Giupponi, G., & Landais, C. (2020). Building effective short-time work schemes for the COVID-19 crisis. VoxEU. https://voxeu.org/article/building-effective-short-time-work-schemes-covid-19-crisis

Government of the Czech Republic. (2021). Support and concessions for entrepreneurs and employees. https://www.vlada.cz/cz/mediacentrum/aktualne/podpora-a-ulevy-pro-podnikatele-a-zamestnance-180601/

Gros, D., & Ounnas, A. (2021). Labour market responses to the Covid-19 crisis in the United States and Europe (CEPS Working Document, No. 2021-01). https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/WD2021-01_Labour-market-responses-to-Covid.pdf

Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076546

Hale, T., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., & Webster, S. (2020). Variation in government responses to COVID-19 (Blavatnik School of Government working paper 31(2020-11)).

Heneman III, H. G., & Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay satisfaction: Its multidimensional nature and measurement. International Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598508247727

Hirschfeld, R. R. (2000). Does revising the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire short form make a difference? Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 255–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640021970493

Idson, T. L. (1990). Establishment size, job satisfaction and the structure of work. Applied Economics, 22(8), 1007–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036849000000130

International Labour Organization. (2018). Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture. https://www.wiego.org/publications/women-and-men-informal-economy-statistical-picture-3rd-edition

International Labour Organization. (2021). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/impacts-and-responses/WCMS_824092/lang--en/index.htm

Ironson, G. H., Smith, P. C., Brannick, M. T., Gibson, W. M., & Paul, K. B. (1989). Construction of a job in general scale: A comparison of global, composite, and specific measures. Journal of Applied psychology, 74(2), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.2.193

Judge, T. A., & Hulin, C. L. (1993). Job satisfaction as a reflection of disposition: A multiple source causal analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(3), 388–421. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1061

Judge, T. A., & Watanabe, S. (1993). Another look at the job satisfaction-life satisfaction relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 939–948. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.939

Khoreva, V., & Wechtler, H. (2018). HR practices and employee performance: The mediating role of well-being. Employee Relations, 40(2), 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2017-0191

Kifle, T., & Hailemariam Desta, I. (2012). Gender differences in domains of job satisfaction: Evidence from doctoral graduates from Australian universities. Economic Analysis and Policy, 42(3), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(12)50032-9

Koch, M., & Park, S. (2022). Do government responses impact the relationship between age, gender and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic? A comparison across 27 European countries. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114583

Lang, J. R., & Johnson, N. B. (1994). Job satisfaction and firm size: An interactionist perspective. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 23(4), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-5357(94)90011-6

Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4(4), 309–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90013-0

Locke, E. A. (Ed.) (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Rand McNally College Publishing Company.

McKinsey. (2021a). COVID-19 and gender equality: Countering the regressive effects. Future of Work. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/covid-19-and-gender-equality-countering-the-regressive-effects

McKinsey. (2021b, December). The coronavirus effect on global economic sentiment. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-coronavirus-effect-on-global-economic-sentiment

Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Rojas, F. L., Schmutte, I. M., Simon, K. I., Weinberg, B. A., & Wing, C. (2020). Determinants of disparities in COVID-19 job losses (NBER Working Paper 27132). https://doi.org/10.3386/w27132

Nahavandi, S. (2019). Industry 5.0 – A human-centric solution. Sustainability, 11(16), 4371. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164371

Ogunkuade, I. M., & Ojiji, O. O. (2018). The Nigerian validation of Spector’s job satisfaction survey. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 26(1), 170–181.

Perugini, C., & Vladisavljević, M. (2019). Gender inequality and the gender-job satisfaction paradox in Europe. Labour Economics, 60, 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.06.006

Pudlo, P., & Gavurová, B. (2013). Experimental teaching methods in higher education-practical application. In International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference: SGEM (vol. 2, pp. 423–428). https://doi.org/10.5593/SGEM2013/BE5.V2/S22.010

Reichelt, M., Makovi, K., & Sargsyan, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes. European Societies, 23(sup1), S228–S245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1823010

Schneider, B., Yost, A. B., Kropp, A., Kind, C., & Lam, H. (2018). Workforce engagement: What it is, what drives it, and why it matters for organizational performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(4), 462–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2244

Smit, S., Tacke, T., Lund, S., Manyika, J., & Thiel, L. (2020). The future of work in Europe. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-in-europe

Sokolová, M., Mohelská, H., & Zubr, V. (2016). Pay and offer of benefits as significant determinants of job satisfaction: a case study in the Czech republic. Economics and Management, 19(1), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2016-1-008

Sousa-Poza, A., & Sousa-Poza, A. A. (2000). Well-being at work: A cross-national analysis of the levels and determinants of job satisfaction. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 29(6), 517–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(00)00085-8

Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the job satisfaction survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00929796

Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences (Vol. 3). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549

Stefko, R., Gavurova, B., & Korony, S. (2016). Efficiency measurement in healthcare work management using malmquist indices. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 13(1), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2016.13.1.16

Stefko, R., Bacik, R., Fedorko, R., Gavurova, B., Horvath, J., & Propper, M. (2017). Gender differences in the case of work satisfaction and motivation. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(1), 215–225. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2017.16.1.18

Tansel, A., & Gazîoğlu, Ş. (2013). Management-employee relations, firm size and job satisfaction (IZA Discussion Papers, No. 7308). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2233483

Tiwari, S., Bahuguna, P. C., & Walker, J. (2022). Industry 5.0: A macroperspective approach. In Handbook of research on innovative management using AI in Industry 5.0 (pp. 59–73). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8497-2.ch004

Tsounis, A., & Sarafis, P. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Greek translation of the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS). BMC Psychology, 6(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0241-4

UN-Women. (2021). Explainer-How COVID-19 impacts women and girls. https://interactive.unwomen.org/multimedia/explainer/covid19/en/index.html?gclid=CjwKCAjwk6-LBhBZEiwAOUUDp5k3CMyMB4YTT_fXkRSkn1XVM-N8q1S4KyRY1g7P7xkZkVIAw_DtmxoCNN0QAvD_BwE

van Barneveld, K., Quinlan, M., Kriesler, P., Junor, A., Baum, F., Chowdhury, A., Junankar, P. N., Clibborn, S., Flanagan, F., & Wright, C. F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons on building more equal and sustainable societies. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 31(2), 133–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304620927107

van Saane, N., Sluiter, J. K., Verbeek, J., & Frings‐Dresen, M. (2003). Reliability and validity of instruments measuring job satisfaction – a systematic review. Occupational Medicine, 53(3), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqg038

Weber, W. L., & Domazlicky, B. (2001). Productivity growth and pollution in state manufacturing. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(1), 195–199. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.2001.83.1.195

Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., & England, G. W. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire. Minnesota studies in vocational rehabilitation. University of Minesota. https://doi.org/10.1037/t05540-000

Xiu-yun, L., Qing-guo, Z., Yu-wen, Y., Zhi-hong, W., & Yu-bo, Z. (2010). Validity of job satisfaction survey scale in Chinese. In 2010 International Conference on Management Science & Engineering 17th Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 1008–1013). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2010.5719922

Xu, X., Lu, Y., Vogel-Heuser, B., & Wang, L. (2021). Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 – Inception, conception and perception. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 61, 530–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2021.10.006

Zubr, V., & Sokolová, M. (2021). The level of job satisfaction in the Czech Republic. Hradec Economic Days. https://doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2021-01-095

Zubr, V., Sokolová, M., & Mohelská, H. (2016). The influence of selected factors on overall job satisfaction. Littera Scripta, 9(2), 169–184.