Relationships between the motorcyclists’ behavioural perception and their actual behaviour
Abstract
The paper deals with studying the relationships between the motorcyclists’ thinking about proper behaviour and their actual behaviour in the traffic. The impact of some control variables, such as riders’ age, experience, driving history, and engine cubature, on actual behaviour, is also addressed here. For the purpose of research, two additional questionnaires were applied besides the well-known Motorcycle Rider Behaviour Questionnaire (MRBQ). To examine the causal relations between all-important latent factors present in this study, the structural equation model was designed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also engaged in the analysis and the statistical modelling process. The results show that the higher awareness about alcohol danger and benefits of protective equipment and helmet can noticeably contribute to the bigger traffic safety. Besides, from the results is evident that the control variables are in most cases also significantly interrelated with the actual behaviour factors. The findings of this research could be important for the planning of better traffic safety strategies for the motorcyclists to decrease the fatalities and related costs and traumas.
First published online 29 February 2016
Keyword : motorcycle rider behaviour questionnaire (MRBQ), motorcyclists’ behavioural perception, traffic safety, alcohol, factor analysis, structural equation modelling
How to Cite
Topolšek, D., & Dragan, D. (2018). Relationships between the motorcyclists’ behavioural perception and their actual behaviour. Transport, 33(1), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2016.1141371
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Arbuckle, J. L. 2012. IBM® SPSS® Amos™ 21 User’s Guide. IBM Corporation. 680 p. Available from Internet: ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/documentation/amos/21.0/en/Manuals/IBM_SPSS_Amos_Users_Guide.pdf
Azhar, H.; Ariffin, A. H.; Syazwan, S. M.; Wong, S. V. 2014. Estimating energy absorbing performance of motorcycle safety helmet, Applied Mechanics and Materials 663: 574–578. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.663.574
Ballesteros, M. F.; Dischinger, P. C. 2002. Characteristics of traffic crashes in Maryland (1996–1998): differences among the youngest drivers, Accident Analysis & Prevention 34(3): 279–284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00023-9
Brown, C. V. R.; Hejl, K.; Bui, E.; Tips, G.; Coopwood, B. 2011. Risk factors for riding and crashing a motorcycle unhelmeted, The Journal of Emergency Medicine 41(4): 441–446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.07.024
Byrne, B. M. 2009. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. 2nd edition. Routledge. 416 p.
Chen, H.-B. 2006. Injury patterns and risk factors of motorcycle crashes, Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 10: 187–190. (in Chinese).
Continental AG. 2013. German Motorists Want Automated Freeway Driving. Mobility Study 2013. Available from Internet: http://www.continental-corporation.com
De Rome, L. 2006. The injury reduction benefits of motorcycle protective clothing, in NTSB Public Forum on Motorcycle Safety, 12–13 September 2006, Washington, US, 1–15.
De Rome, L.; Ivers, R., Haworth, N., Heritier, S.; Du, W.; Fitzharris, M. 2011. Novice riders and the predictors of riding without motorcycle protective clothing, Accident Analysis & Prevention 43(3): 1095–1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.018
De Rome, L.; Stanford, G. 2006. Motorcycle protective clothing: fashion or function?, in 2006 International Motorcycle Safety Conference (IMSC), 28–30 March 2006, Long Beach, California, US, 1–14.
Diamantopoulou, K.; Brumen, I.; Dyte, D.; Cameron, M. 1995. Analysis of Trends in Motorcycle Crashes in Victoria. Report No 84. Monash University Accident Research Centre. 126 p. Available from Internet: http://www.monash.edu/miri/research/reports/muarc084
Dragan, D.; Topolšek, D. 2014. Introduction to structural equation modeling: review, methodology and practical applications, in The 11th International Conference on Logistics & Sustainable Transport 2014, 19–21 June 2014, Celje, Slovenia, 1–27.
EC. 1989. Council Directive 89/686/EEC of 21 December 1989 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to Personal Protective Equipment. 21 p. Available from Internet: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31989L0686
El-Basyouny, K.; El-Bassiouni, M. Y. 2013. Modeling and analyzing traffic safety perceptions: an application to the speed limit reduction pilot project in Edmonton, Alberta, Accident Analysis & Prevention 51: 156–167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.11.009
Elliott, M. A.; Baughan, C. J.; Sexton, B. F. 2007. Errors and violations in relation to motorcyclists’ crash risk, Accident Analysis & Prevention 39(3): 491–499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.012
Eurostat. 2015. Motorcycles, by Power of Vehicles. Available from Internet: a target="_blank" href= "http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/road_eqs_motorc">http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/road_eqs_motorc
Evans, L.; Frick, M. C. 1988. Helmet effectiveness in preventing motorcycle driver and passenger fatalities, Accident Analysis & Prevention 20(6): 447–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(88)90043-7
Fornell, C.; Larcker, D. F. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research 18(1): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Frohlich, M. T.; Westbrook, R. 2001. Arcs of integration: an international study of supply chain strategies, Journal of Operations Management 19(2): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(00)00055-3
Gabella, B.; Reiner, K. L.; Hoffman, R. E.; Cook, M.; Stallones, L. 1995. Relationship of helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle crash victims in El Paso County, Colorado, 1989–1990, Accident Analysis & Prevention 27(3): 363–369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)00079-2
Germeni, E.; Lionis, C.; Davou, B.; Petridou, E. T. 2009. Understanding reasons for non-compliance in motorcycle helmet use among adolescents in Greece, Injury Prevention 15(1): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.019356
Hair, J. F.; Black, W. C.; Babin, B. J.; Anderson, R. E. 2009. Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice Hall. 816 p.
Haworth, N.; Greig, K.; Nielson, A. 2009. Comparison of risk taking in moped and motorcycle crashes, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2140: 182–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2140-20
Hooper, D.; Coughlan, J.; Mullen, M. 2008. Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods 6(1): 53–60.
Hoyle, R. H. 2014. Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling. The Guilford Press. 740 p.
Hurt, H. H.; Ouellet, J. V.; Thom, D. R. 1981. Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures. Volume 1: Technical report. Contract No DOT-HS-5-01160. Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 435 p. Available from Internet: http://isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/NHTSA/013695.pdf
Jost, G.; Popolizio, M.; Allsop, R.; Eksler, V. 2008. Countdown to 2010: Only Two More Years to Act! 2nd Road Safety PIN Report. European Transport Safety Council (ETSC). 83 p. Available from Internet: http://archive.etsc.eu/documents/copy_of_copy_of_2nd%20PIN%20Annual%20Report%202008.pdf
Kline, R. B. 2015. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 4th edition. The Guilford Press. 534 p.
Lajunen, T.; Parker, D.; Summala, H. 2004. The Manchester driver behaviour questionnaire: a cross-cultural study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 36(2): 231–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00152-5
Lei, M.; Lomax, R. G. 2005. The effect of varying degrees of nonnormality in structural equation modeling, Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal 12(1): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1201_1
Li, J.; Zhou, L.; Zhu, D.; Hu, C.; Zhang, X.; Xu, Y. 2013. Chinese version of the nursing students’ perception of instructor caring (C-NSPIC): assessment of reliability and validity, Nurse Education Today 33(12): 1482–1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.05.017
Liu, B. C.; Ivers, R.; Norton, R.; Boufous, S.; Blows, S.; Lo, S. K. 2004. Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1: CD004333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004333.pub3
Lin, M.-R.; Hwang, H.-F.; Kuo, N.-W. 2001. Crash severity, injury patterns, and helmet use in adolescent motorcycle riders, The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 50(1): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200101000-00004
Lin, M.-R.; Kraus, J. F. 2009. A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries, Accident Analysis & Prevention 41(4): 710–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.010
MAIDS. 2009. In-Depth Investigations of Accidents Involving Powered Two Wheelers. Motorcycle Accidents in Depth Study (MAIDS). Available from Internet: http://www.maids-study.eu
Mattsson, M. 2012. Investigating the factorial invariance of the 28-item DBQ across genders and age groups: an exploratory structural equation modeling study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 48: 379–396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.02.009
Mortimer, R. G. 1984. Evaluation of the motorcycle rider course, Accident Analysis & Prevention 16(1): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(84)90007-1
Mulaik, S. A. 2009. Linear Causal Modeling with Structural Equations. Chapman and Hall/CRC. 468 p.
Namdaran, F.; Elton, R. A. 1988. A study of reported injury accidents among novice motorcycle riders in a Scottish region, Accident Analysis & Prevention 20(2): 117–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(88)90027-9
Nunkoo, R.; Ramkissoon, H. 2012. Structural equation modelling and regression analysis in tourism research, Current Issues in Tourism 15(8): 777–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.641947
OECD. 2014. Road Accidents. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/2fe1b899-en
Oginni, F. O.; Ugboko, V. I.; Adewole, R. A. 2007. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Nigerian commercial motorcyclists in the use of crash helmet and other safety measures, Traffic Injury Prevention 8(2): 137–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580601058472
Otte, D.; Schroeder, G.; Richter, M. 2002. Possibilities for load reductions using garment leg protectors for motorcyclists: a technical, medical and biomechanical approach, in Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 46th Annual Conference, 30 September – 2 October 2002, Tempe, Arizona, US, 367–385.
Özkan, T.; Lajunen, T.; Summala, H. 2006. Driver behaviour questionnaire: a follow-up study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 38(2): 386–395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.10.012
Pileggi, C.; Bianco, A.; Nobile, C. G. A.; Angelillo, I. F. 2006. Risky behaviors among motorcycling adolescents in Italy, The Journal of Pediatrics 148(4): 527–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.11.017
Policija. 2014. Letna poročila o delu policije. Statistika. Available from Internet: http://www.policija.si/index.php/statistika (in Slovenian).
Ranney, M. L.; Mello, M. J.; Baird, J. B.; Chai, P. R.; Clark, M. A. 2010. Correlates of motorcycle helmet use among recent graduates of a motorcycle training course, Accident Analysis & Prevention 42(6): 2057–2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.06.017
Raykov, T.; Marcoulides, G. A. 2006. A First Course in Structural Equation Modeling. 2nd edition. Psychology Press. 248 p.
Rowland, J.; Rivara, F.; Salzberg, P.; Soderberg, R.; Maier, R.; Koepsell, T. 1996. Motorcycle helmet use and injury outcome and hospitalization costs from crashes in Washington State, American Journal of Public Health 86(1): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.86.1.41
Rutter, D. R.; Quine, L. 1996. Age and experience in motorcycling safety, Accident Analysis & Prevention 28(1): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(95)00037-2
Rutter, D. R.; Quine, L.; Albery, I. P. 1998. Perceptions of risk in motorcyclists: unrealistic optimism, relative realism and predictions of behaviour, British Journal of Psychology 89(4): 681–696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02710.x
Sahin, M.; Todiras, A.; Nijkamp, P.; Neuts, B.; Behrens, C. 2012. A structural equations model for assessing the economic performance of high-tech ethnic entrepreneurs, in R. Capello, T. P. Dentinho (Eds.). Globalization Trends and Regional Development: Dynamics of FDI and Human Capital Flows, 211–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781781003046.00017
Sakashita, C.; Senserrick, T.; Lo, S.; Boufous, S.; De Rome, L.; Ivers, R. 2014. The motorcycle rider behavior questionnaire: psychometric properties and application amongst novice riders in Australia, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 22: 126–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.10.005
Šraml, M.; Tollazzi, T.; Renčelj, M. 2012. Traffic safety analysis of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in Slovenia, Accident Analysis & Prevention 49: 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.12.013
Timm, N. H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer. 695 p.
Turner, P. A.; Georggi, N. 2001. The motorcycle-alcohol crash problem in Florida: identification of characteristics and countermeasures, in 2001 International Motorcycle Safety Conference (IMSF), 1–4 March 2001, Orlando, Florida, US, 1–18.
Ullman, J. B. 2006. Structural equation modeling: reviewing the basics and moving forward, Journal of Personality Assessment 87(1): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_03
UNECE. 2015. 2015 Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Europe and North America. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 148 p. Available from Internet: http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=41891
Villaveces, A.; Cummings, P.; Koepsell, T. D.; Rivara, F. P.; Lumley, T.; Moffat, J. 2003. Association of alcohol-related laws with deaths due to motor vehicle and motorcycle crashes in the United States, 1980–1997, American Journal of Epidemiology 157(2): 131–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf186
Watson, B.; Tunnicliff, D.; White, K.; Schonfeld, C.; Wishart, D. 2007. Psychological and Social Factors Influencing Motorcycle Rider Intentions and Behaviour. Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology. 166 p. Available from Internet: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/9103/1/road_rgr_200704.pdf
Watson, B.; Wishart, D.; Christie, T. 2008. Canberra Motorcycle Apparel Observation Study. Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, Queensland. 27 p.
Weston, R.; Gore, P. A. 2006. A brief guide to structural equation modeling, The Counseling Psychologist 34(5): 719–751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
Williams, A. F. 2006. Alcohol-impaired driving and its consequences in the United States: the past 25 years, Journal of Safety Research 37(2): 123–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2006.01.001
Williams, B.; Brown, T.; Onsman, A. 2010. Exploratory factor analysis: a five-step guide for novices, Australasian Journal of Paramedicine 8(3): 1–14.
Wilson, D. C. 1989. The Effectiveness of Motorcycle Helmets in Preventing Fatalities. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS 807 416. 12 p. Available from Internet: http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25818/DOT-HS-807-416.pdf
Wong, T.-W.; Lee, J.; Phoon, W.-O.; Yiu, P.-C.; Fung, K.-P.; McLean, J. A. 1990. Driving experience and the risk of traffic accident among motorcyclists, Social Science & Medicine 30(5): 639–640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(90)90163-M
Zanne, M.; Groznik, A.; Twrdy, E. 2013. Assessment of traffic safety among young people aged 15 to 24 in Slovenia, Promet – Traffic & Transportation 25(2): 147–156. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v25i2.1290
Zhai, X.; Liu; A. M. M.; Fellows, R. 2013. Human resource practices in Chinese construction organizations: development of a measurement scale, International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction 2(3): 170–183. http://dx.doi.org/10.7492/IJAEC.2013.016
Azhar, H.; Ariffin, A. H.; Syazwan, S. M.; Wong, S. V. 2014. Estimating energy absorbing performance of motorcycle safety helmet, Applied Mechanics and Materials 663: 574–578. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.663.574
Ballesteros, M. F.; Dischinger, P. C. 2002. Characteristics of traffic crashes in Maryland (1996–1998): differences among the youngest drivers, Accident Analysis & Prevention 34(3): 279–284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00023-9
Brown, C. V. R.; Hejl, K.; Bui, E.; Tips, G.; Coopwood, B. 2011. Risk factors for riding and crashing a motorcycle unhelmeted, The Journal of Emergency Medicine 41(4): 441–446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.07.024
Byrne, B. M. 2009. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. 2nd edition. Routledge. 416 p.
Chen, H.-B. 2006. Injury patterns and risk factors of motorcycle crashes, Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 10: 187–190. (in Chinese).
Continental AG. 2013. German Motorists Want Automated Freeway Driving. Mobility Study 2013. Available from Internet: http://www.continental-corporation.com
De Rome, L. 2006. The injury reduction benefits of motorcycle protective clothing, in NTSB Public Forum on Motorcycle Safety, 12–13 September 2006, Washington, US, 1–15.
De Rome, L.; Ivers, R., Haworth, N., Heritier, S.; Du, W.; Fitzharris, M. 2011. Novice riders and the predictors of riding without motorcycle protective clothing, Accident Analysis & Prevention 43(3): 1095–1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.018
De Rome, L.; Stanford, G. 2006. Motorcycle protective clothing: fashion or function?, in 2006 International Motorcycle Safety Conference (IMSC), 28–30 March 2006, Long Beach, California, US, 1–14.
Diamantopoulou, K.; Brumen, I.; Dyte, D.; Cameron, M. 1995. Analysis of Trends in Motorcycle Crashes in Victoria. Report No 84. Monash University Accident Research Centre. 126 p. Available from Internet: http://www.monash.edu/miri/research/reports/muarc084
Dragan, D.; Topolšek, D. 2014. Introduction to structural equation modeling: review, methodology and practical applications, in The 11th International Conference on Logistics & Sustainable Transport 2014, 19–21 June 2014, Celje, Slovenia, 1–27.
EC. 1989. Council Directive 89/686/EEC of 21 December 1989 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to Personal Protective Equipment. 21 p. Available from Internet: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31989L0686
El-Basyouny, K.; El-Bassiouni, M. Y. 2013. Modeling and analyzing traffic safety perceptions: an application to the speed limit reduction pilot project in Edmonton, Alberta, Accident Analysis & Prevention 51: 156–167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.11.009
Elliott, M. A.; Baughan, C. J.; Sexton, B. F. 2007. Errors and violations in relation to motorcyclists’ crash risk, Accident Analysis & Prevention 39(3): 491–499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.012
Eurostat. 2015. Motorcycles, by Power of Vehicles. Available from Internet: a target="_blank" href= "http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/road_eqs_motorc">http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/road_eqs_motorc
Evans, L.; Frick, M. C. 1988. Helmet effectiveness in preventing motorcycle driver and passenger fatalities, Accident Analysis & Prevention 20(6): 447–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(88)90043-7
Fornell, C.; Larcker, D. F. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research 18(1): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Frohlich, M. T.; Westbrook, R. 2001. Arcs of integration: an international study of supply chain strategies, Journal of Operations Management 19(2): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(00)00055-3
Gabella, B.; Reiner, K. L.; Hoffman, R. E.; Cook, M.; Stallones, L. 1995. Relationship of helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle crash victims in El Paso County, Colorado, 1989–1990, Accident Analysis & Prevention 27(3): 363–369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)00079-2
Germeni, E.; Lionis, C.; Davou, B.; Petridou, E. T. 2009. Understanding reasons for non-compliance in motorcycle helmet use among adolescents in Greece, Injury Prevention 15(1): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.019356
Hair, J. F.; Black, W. C.; Babin, B. J.; Anderson, R. E. 2009. Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice Hall. 816 p.
Haworth, N.; Greig, K.; Nielson, A. 2009. Comparison of risk taking in moped and motorcycle crashes, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2140: 182–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2140-20
Hooper, D.; Coughlan, J.; Mullen, M. 2008. Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods 6(1): 53–60.
Hoyle, R. H. 2014. Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling. The Guilford Press. 740 p.
Hurt, H. H.; Ouellet, J. V.; Thom, D. R. 1981. Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures. Volume 1: Technical report. Contract No DOT-HS-5-01160. Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 435 p. Available from Internet: http://isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/NHTSA/013695.pdf
Jost, G.; Popolizio, M.; Allsop, R.; Eksler, V. 2008. Countdown to 2010: Only Two More Years to Act! 2nd Road Safety PIN Report. European Transport Safety Council (ETSC). 83 p. Available from Internet: http://archive.etsc.eu/documents/copy_of_copy_of_2nd%20PIN%20Annual%20Report%202008.pdf
Kline, R. B. 2015. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 4th edition. The Guilford Press. 534 p.
Lajunen, T.; Parker, D.; Summala, H. 2004. The Manchester driver behaviour questionnaire: a cross-cultural study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 36(2): 231–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00152-5
Lei, M.; Lomax, R. G. 2005. The effect of varying degrees of nonnormality in structural equation modeling, Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal 12(1): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1201_1
Li, J.; Zhou, L.; Zhu, D.; Hu, C.; Zhang, X.; Xu, Y. 2013. Chinese version of the nursing students’ perception of instructor caring (C-NSPIC): assessment of reliability and validity, Nurse Education Today 33(12): 1482–1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.05.017
Liu, B. C.; Ivers, R.; Norton, R.; Boufous, S.; Blows, S.; Lo, S. K. 2004. Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1: CD004333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004333.pub3
Lin, M.-R.; Hwang, H.-F.; Kuo, N.-W. 2001. Crash severity, injury patterns, and helmet use in adolescent motorcycle riders, The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 50(1): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200101000-00004
Lin, M.-R.; Kraus, J. F. 2009. A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries, Accident Analysis & Prevention 41(4): 710–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.010
MAIDS. 2009. In-Depth Investigations of Accidents Involving Powered Two Wheelers. Motorcycle Accidents in Depth Study (MAIDS). Available from Internet: http://www.maids-study.eu
Mattsson, M. 2012. Investigating the factorial invariance of the 28-item DBQ across genders and age groups: an exploratory structural equation modeling study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 48: 379–396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.02.009
Mortimer, R. G. 1984. Evaluation of the motorcycle rider course, Accident Analysis & Prevention 16(1): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(84)90007-1
Mulaik, S. A. 2009. Linear Causal Modeling with Structural Equations. Chapman and Hall/CRC. 468 p.
Namdaran, F.; Elton, R. A. 1988. A study of reported injury accidents among novice motorcycle riders in a Scottish region, Accident Analysis & Prevention 20(2): 117–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(88)90027-9
Nunkoo, R.; Ramkissoon, H. 2012. Structural equation modelling and regression analysis in tourism research, Current Issues in Tourism 15(8): 777–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.641947
OECD. 2014. Road Accidents. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/2fe1b899-en
Oginni, F. O.; Ugboko, V. I.; Adewole, R. A. 2007. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Nigerian commercial motorcyclists in the use of crash helmet and other safety measures, Traffic Injury Prevention 8(2): 137–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389580601058472
Otte, D.; Schroeder, G.; Richter, M. 2002. Possibilities for load reductions using garment leg protectors for motorcyclists: a technical, medical and biomechanical approach, in Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 46th Annual Conference, 30 September – 2 October 2002, Tempe, Arizona, US, 367–385.
Özkan, T.; Lajunen, T.; Summala, H. 2006. Driver behaviour questionnaire: a follow-up study, Accident Analysis & Prevention 38(2): 386–395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.10.012
Pileggi, C.; Bianco, A.; Nobile, C. G. A.; Angelillo, I. F. 2006. Risky behaviors among motorcycling adolescents in Italy, The Journal of Pediatrics 148(4): 527–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.11.017
Policija. 2014. Letna poročila o delu policije. Statistika. Available from Internet: http://www.policija.si/index.php/statistika (in Slovenian).
Ranney, M. L.; Mello, M. J.; Baird, J. B.; Chai, P. R.; Clark, M. A. 2010. Correlates of motorcycle helmet use among recent graduates of a motorcycle training course, Accident Analysis & Prevention 42(6): 2057–2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.06.017
Raykov, T.; Marcoulides, G. A. 2006. A First Course in Structural Equation Modeling. 2nd edition. Psychology Press. 248 p.
Rowland, J.; Rivara, F.; Salzberg, P.; Soderberg, R.; Maier, R.; Koepsell, T. 1996. Motorcycle helmet use and injury outcome and hospitalization costs from crashes in Washington State, American Journal of Public Health 86(1): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.86.1.41
Rutter, D. R.; Quine, L. 1996. Age and experience in motorcycling safety, Accident Analysis & Prevention 28(1): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(95)00037-2
Rutter, D. R.; Quine, L.; Albery, I. P. 1998. Perceptions of risk in motorcyclists: unrealistic optimism, relative realism and predictions of behaviour, British Journal of Psychology 89(4): 681–696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02710.x
Sahin, M.; Todiras, A.; Nijkamp, P.; Neuts, B.; Behrens, C. 2012. A structural equations model for assessing the economic performance of high-tech ethnic entrepreneurs, in R. Capello, T. P. Dentinho (Eds.). Globalization Trends and Regional Development: Dynamics of FDI and Human Capital Flows, 211–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781781003046.00017
Sakashita, C.; Senserrick, T.; Lo, S.; Boufous, S.; De Rome, L.; Ivers, R. 2014. The motorcycle rider behavior questionnaire: psychometric properties and application amongst novice riders in Australia, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 22: 126–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.10.005
Šraml, M.; Tollazzi, T.; Renčelj, M. 2012. Traffic safety analysis of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in Slovenia, Accident Analysis & Prevention 49: 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.12.013
Timm, N. H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer. 695 p.
Turner, P. A.; Georggi, N. 2001. The motorcycle-alcohol crash problem in Florida: identification of characteristics and countermeasures, in 2001 International Motorcycle Safety Conference (IMSF), 1–4 March 2001, Orlando, Florida, US, 1–18.
Ullman, J. B. 2006. Structural equation modeling: reviewing the basics and moving forward, Journal of Personality Assessment 87(1): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_03
UNECE. 2015. 2015 Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Europe and North America. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 148 p. Available from Internet: http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=41891
Villaveces, A.; Cummings, P.; Koepsell, T. D.; Rivara, F. P.; Lumley, T.; Moffat, J. 2003. Association of alcohol-related laws with deaths due to motor vehicle and motorcycle crashes in the United States, 1980–1997, American Journal of Epidemiology 157(2): 131–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf186
Watson, B.; Tunnicliff, D.; White, K.; Schonfeld, C.; Wishart, D. 2007. Psychological and Social Factors Influencing Motorcycle Rider Intentions and Behaviour. Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology. 166 p. Available from Internet: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/9103/1/road_rgr_200704.pdf
Watson, B.; Wishart, D.; Christie, T. 2008. Canberra Motorcycle Apparel Observation Study. Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, Queensland. 27 p.
Weston, R.; Gore, P. A. 2006. A brief guide to structural equation modeling, The Counseling Psychologist 34(5): 719–751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
Williams, A. F. 2006. Alcohol-impaired driving and its consequences in the United States: the past 25 years, Journal of Safety Research 37(2): 123–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2006.01.001
Williams, B.; Brown, T.; Onsman, A. 2010. Exploratory factor analysis: a five-step guide for novices, Australasian Journal of Paramedicine 8(3): 1–14.
Wilson, D. C. 1989. The Effectiveness of Motorcycle Helmets in Preventing Fatalities. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS 807 416. 12 p. Available from Internet: http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25818/DOT-HS-807-416.pdf
Wong, T.-W.; Lee, J.; Phoon, W.-O.; Yiu, P.-C.; Fung, K.-P.; McLean, J. A. 1990. Driving experience and the risk of traffic accident among motorcyclists, Social Science & Medicine 30(5): 639–640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(90)90163-M
Zanne, M.; Groznik, A.; Twrdy, E. 2013. Assessment of traffic safety among young people aged 15 to 24 in Slovenia, Promet – Traffic & Transportation 25(2): 147–156. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v25i2.1290
Zhai, X.; Liu; A. M. M.; Fellows, R. 2013. Human resource practices in Chinese construction organizations: development of a measurement scale, International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction 2(3): 170–183. http://dx.doi.org/10.7492/IJAEC.2013.016