Share:


Bayesian networks and structural equation modelling to investigate the passengers’ perceptions in high-speed rail systems

Abstract

Ensuring sustainability in the global world today depends on perception management as well as financial management. In order to manage the perceptions, which are inherently latent variables as they are measured indirectly through their indicators, they must be accurately handled and modelled comprehensively. In the present study, a hybrid technique combining Bayesian Networks (BN) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), which are regarded as causal models, was used to investigate the perceptions of High-Speed Rail System (HSRS) passengers. In order to provide insight into the customer retention strategy for HSRS, the analyses were performed on the survey data gathered from the frequent users of HSRS operating between 2 cities of Turkey. After the measurement model of the perception variables through SEM was established, the relationships between the variables were learned using BN knowledge extraction algorithms. As a result, relationships from image to trust and loyalty, from trust to perceived value, from perceived value to satisfaction, and from satisfaction to loyalty were determined. Final interpretations were made in terms of risk management with the help of the probabilistic predictive ability of the BN by setting evidence on the satisfaction levels of the perceptions.

Keyword : Bayesian networks, image, loyalty, perceived value, satisfaction, transportation, trust

How to Cite
Karadağ, T., Gölbaşi Şimşek, G., & Akyildiz Alçura, G. (2024). Bayesian networks and structural equation modelling to investigate the passengers’ perceptions in high-speed rail systems. Transport, 39(1), 64–85. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2024.20541
Published in Issue
May 8, 2024
Abstract Views
466
PDF Downloads
492
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Addae, J. H.; Sun, X.; Towey, D.; Radenkovic, M. 2019. Exploring user behavioral data for adaptive cybersecurity, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 29(3): 701–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-019-09236-5

Akamavi, R. K.; Mohamed, E.; Pellmann, K.; Xu, Y. 2015. Key determinants of passenger loyalty in the low-cost airline business, Tourism Management 46: 528–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.010

Akyıldız Alçura, G.; Kuşakcı, S. Ş.; Şimşek, G. G.; Gürsoy, M.; Tanrıverdi, S. C. 2016. Impact score technique for analyzing the service quality of a high-speed rail system, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2541: 64–72. https://doi.org/10.3141/2541-08

Akyıldız Alçura, G.; Şimşek, G. G.; Kuşakcı Gündoğar, S. Ş.; Tanrıverdi, S. C.; Gürsoy, M. 2021. Determinants of passenger loyalty for high speed rail system in Turkey, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi – Journal of Balıkesir University Institute of Science and Technology 23(2): 760–781. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.891250

Alves, H.; Raposo, M. 2007. Conceptual model of student satisfaction in higher education, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence 18(5): 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360601074315

Anderson, J. C.; Gerbing, D. W. 1988. Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach, Psychological Bulletin 103(3): 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411

Aydin, S.; Özer, G. 2005. The analysis of antecedents of customer loyalty in the Turkish mobile telecommunication market, European Journal of Marketing 39(7–8): 910–925. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560510601833

Bartlett, M. S. 1950. Tests of significance in factor analysis, British Journal of Statistical Psychology 3(2): 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1950.tb00285.x

Brown, R. M.; Mazzarol, T. W. 2009. The importance of institutional image to student satisfaction and loyalty within higher education, Higher Education 58(1): 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-008-9183-8

Brunner, T. A.; Stöcklin, M.; Opwis, K. 2008. Satisfaction, image and loyalty: new versus experienced customers, European Journal of Marketing 42(9–10): 1095–1105. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560810891163

Castelletti, A.; Soncini-Sessa, R. 2007. Bayesian networks and participatory modelling in water resource management, Environmental Modelling & Software 22(8): 1075–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.06.003

Cene, E.; Karaman, F. 2015. Analysing organic food buyers’ perceptions with Bayesian networks: a case study in Turkey, Journal of Applied Statistics 42(7): 1572–1590. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2014.1001331

Chang, H. H.; Chen, S. W. 2008. The impact of customer interface quality, satisfaction and switching costs on e-loyalty: Internet experience as a moderator, Computers in Human Behavior 24(6): 2927–2944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.04.014

Chang, H. H.; Wang, H.-W. 2011. The moderating effect of customer perceived value on online shopping behaviour, Online Information Review 35(3): 333–359. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684521111151414

Chang, K.-C. 2013. How reputation creates loyalty in the restaurant sector, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 25(4): 536–557. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111311322916

Chanpariyavatevong, K.; Wipulanusat, W.; Champahom, T.; Jomnonkwao, S.; Chonsalasin, D.; Ratanavaraha, V. 2021. Predicting airline customer loyalty by integrating structural equation modeling and bayesian networks, Sustainability 13(13): 7046. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137046

Chen, C.-F.; Chen, F.-S. 2010. Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists, Tourism Management 31(1): 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008

Chen, C.-F.; Phou, S. 2013. A closer look at destination: image, personality, relationship and loyalty, Tourism Management 36: 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.015

Chen, Y.-S.; Chang, C.-H. 2012. Enhance green purchase intentions: the roles of green perceived value, green perceived risk, and green trust, Management Decision 50(3): 502–520. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211216250

Cheng, J.; Bell, D. A.; Liu, W. 1997. Learning belief networks from data: an information theory based approach, in CIKM ‘97: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, 10–14 November 1997, Las Vegas, NV, US, 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1145/266714.266920

Chi, C. G.-Q.; Qu, H. 2008. Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: an integrated approach, Tourism Management 29(4): 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007

Chiou, J.-S. 2004. The antecedents of consumers’ loyalty toward internet service providers, Information & Management 41(6): 685–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.08.006

Choi, J.; Seol, H.; Lee, S.; Cho, H.; Park, Y. 2008. Customer satisfaction factors of mobile commerce in Korea, Internet Research 18(3): 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240810883335

Chou, J.-S.; Kim, C. 2009. A structural equation analysis of the QSL relationship with passenger riding experience on high speed rail: an empirical study of Taiwan and Korea, Expert Systems with Applications 36(3): 6945–6955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.08.056

Chou, P.-F.; Lu, C.-S.; Chang, Y.-H. 2014. Effects of service quality and customer satisfaction on customer loyalty in high-speed rail services in Taiwan, Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 10(10): 917–945. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2014.915247

Chow, C.; Liu, C. 1968. Approximating discrete probability distributions with dependence trees, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 14(3): 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1968.1054142

Coelho, P. S.; Henseler, J. 2012. Creating customer loyalty through service customization, European Journal of Marketing 46(3–4): 331–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211202503

Cooper, G. F.; Herskovits, E. 1992. A Bayesian method for the induction of probabilistic networks from data, Machine Learning 9(4): 309–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994110

Cronbach, L. J. 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests, Psychometrika 16(3): 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555

Cronin, J. J.; Brady, M. K.; Hult, G. T. M. 2000. Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments, Journal of Retailing 76(2): 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2

Cyr, D.; Head, M.; Larios, H. 2010. Colour appeal in website design within and across cultures: a multi-method evaluation, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 68(1–2): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.08.005

Çatı, K.; Koçoğlu, C. M. 2008. Müşteri sadakati ile müşteri tatmini arasindaki ilişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik bir araştirma, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 19: 167–188. (in Turkish).

Dagger, T. S.; O’Brien, T. K. 2010. Does experience matter? Differences in relationship benefits, satisfaction, trust, commitment and loyalty for novice and experienced service users, European Journal of Marketing 44(9–10): 1528–1552. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561011062952

De Oña, R.; Machado, J. L.; De Oña, J. 2015. Perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: structural equation model for the metro of Seville, Spain, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2538: 76–85. https://doi.org/10.3141/2538-09

Demir, Ş. Ş. 2012. Avrupa müşteri memnuniyet endeksi modeli: uluslararası otel işletmelerine yönelik bir uygulama, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi 9(1): 672–695. (in Turkish).

Deng, W.; Su, T.; Zhang, Y.; Tan, C. 2021. Factors affecting consumers’ online choice intention: a study based on Bayesian network, Frontiers in Psychology 12: 731850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731850

Díez-Mesa, F.; De Oña, R.; De Oña, J. 2018. Bayesian networks and structural equation modelling to develop service quality models: metro of Seville case study, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 118: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.012

Druzdzel, M. J. 1999. SMILE: structural modeling, inference, and learning engine and GeNIe: a development environment for graphical decision-theoretic models (intelligent systems demonstration), in Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-99), 18–22 July 1999, Orlando, FL, US, 342–343.

Duarte, C. W.; Klimentidis, Y. C.; Harris, J. J.; Cardel, M.; Fernández, J. R. 2015. Discovery of phenotypic networks from genotypic association studies with application to obesity, International Journal of Data Mining and Bioinformatics 12(2): 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJDMB.2015.069414

Dubrovski, D. 2001. The role of customer satisfaction in achieving business excellence, Total Quality Management 12(7–8): 920–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/09544120100000016

Duering, M.; Gonik, M.; Malik, R.; Zieren, N.; Reyes, S.; Jouvent, E.; Hervé, D.; Gschwendtner, A.; Opherk, C.; Chabriat, H.; Dichgans, M. 2013. Identification of a strategic brain network underlying processing speed deficits in vascular cognitive impairment, NeuroImage 66: 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.084

Dwita, V.; Megawati, M. 2022. The antecedents of loyalty among indonesian airlines passenger during Covid-19 pandemic, Asian Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship and Social Science 2(2): 1–16. Available from Internet: https://ajmesc.com/index.php/ajmesc/article/view/59

Elkhani, N.; Soltani, S.; Jamshidi, M. H. M. 2014. Examining a hybrid model for e-satisfaction and e-loyalty to e-ticketing on airline websites, Journal of Air Transport Management 37: 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.01.006

Eren, S. S.; Erge, A. 2012. Marka güveni, marka memnuniyeti ve müşteri değerinin tüketicilerin marka sadakati üzerine etkisi, Journal of Yaşar University 7(26): 4455–4482. (in Turkish).

Flavián, C.; Guinalíu, M.; Gurrea, R. 2006. The role played by perceived usability, satisfaction and consumer trust on website loyalty, Information & Management 43(1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2005.01.002

Flavián, C.; Guinalíu, M.; Torres, E. 2005. The influence of corporate image on consumer trust: a comparative analysis in traditional versus internet banking, Internet Research 15(4): 447–470. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240510615191

Fornell, C.; Larcker, D. F. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research 18(1): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Fuller, C. M.; Simmering, M. J.; Atinc, G.; Atinc, Y.; Babin, B. J. 2016. Common methods variance detection in business research, Journal of Business Research 69(8): 3192–3198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.008

Gerassis, S.; Albuquerque, M. T. D.; García, J. F.; Boente, C.; Giráldez, E.; Taboada, J.; Martín, J. E. 2019. Understanding complex blasting operations: a structural equation model combining Bayesian networks and latent class clustering, Reliability Engineering & System Safety 188: 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.03.032

Gölbaşı-Şimşek, G.; Noyan, F. 2009. Türkiye’de cep telefonu cihazı pazarında marka sadakati için bir model denemesi, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi 36(1): 121–159. (in Turkish).

Gölbaşı-Şimşek, G.; Noyan Tekeli, F. 2015. Understanding the antecedents of customer loyalty by applying structural equation modeling, in U. Akkucuk (Ed.). Handbook of Research on Developing Sustainable Value in Economics, Finance, and Marketing, 420–445. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6635-1.ch025

Gupta, S.; Kim, H. W. 2008. Linking structural equation modeling to Bayesian networks: decision support for customer retention in virtual communities, European Journal of Operational Research 190(3): 818–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.05.054

Gustafsson, A.; Johnson, M. D. 2004. Determining attribute importance in a service satisfaction model, Journal of Service Research 7(2): 124–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670504268453

Hair, J. F.; Black, W. C.; Babin, B. J.; Anderson, R. E. 2009. Multivariate Data Analysis: a Global Perspective. Pearson. 816 p.

Hanafiah, M. H.; Asyraff, M. A. 2023. Research note: Effects of post-pandemic perceived safety and security and service quality on ferry service’s image, satisfaction, and loyalty, Anatolia: an International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 34(2): 280–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2022.2059532

Hasan, K. F.; Adam, M.; Yunus, M. 2022. The effect of tourist perceived value and tourist satisfaction in mediating the relationship between tourism destination image on tourist loyalty to visit Weh Island, International Journal of Business Management and Economic Review 5(3): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.35409/IJBMER.2022.3385

He, R.; Ai, B.; Wang, G.; Guan, K.; Zhong, Z.; Molisch, A. F.; Briso-Rodriguez, C.; Oestges, C. P. 2016. High-speed railway communications: from GSM-R to LTE-R, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 11(3): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2016.2564446

Heckerman, D. 2008. A tutorial on learning with Bayesian networks, Studies in Computational Intelligence 156: 33–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85066-3_3

Hellier, P. K.; Geursen, G. M.; Carr, R. A.; Rickard, J. A. 2003. Customer repurchase intention: a general structural equation model, European Journal of Marketing 37(11–12): 1762–1800. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310495456

Hooper, D.; Coughlan, J.; R. Mullen, M. 2008. Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods 6(1): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R

Hsu, C.-I.; Shih, M.-L.; Huang, B.-W.; Lin, B.-Y.; Lin, C.-N. 2009. Predicting tourism loyalty using an integrated Bayesian network mechanism, Expert Systems with Applications 36(9): 11760–11763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2009.04.010

Hsu, C.-I.; Wu, S. P. J.; Lin, B.-Y. 2013. The discovery of network structure for e-learning participation prediction: an integrated Bayesian networks approach, Journal of Internet Technology 14(2): 251–263. https://doi.org/10.6138/JIT.2013.14.2.08 (in Chinese).

Hu, L.-T.; Bentler, P. M. 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal 6(1): 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Ihaka, R.; Gentleman, R. 1996. R: a language for data analysis and graphics, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 5(3): 299–314. https://doi.org/10.2307/1390807

Irtema, H. I. M.; Ismail, A.; Borhan, M. N.; Das, A. M.; Alshetwi, A. B. Z. 2018. Case study of the behavioural intentions of public transportation passengers in Kuala Lumpur, Case Studies on Transport Policy 6(4): 462–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2018.05.007

Jakobowicz, E.; Derquenne, C. 2007. A modified PLS path modeling algorithm handling reflective categorical variables and a new model building strategy, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 51(8): 3666–3678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.12.004

Jang, H. M.; Marlow, P. B.; Mitroussi, K. 2013. The effect of logistics service quality on customer loyalty through relationship quality in the container shipping context, Transportation Journal 52(4): 493–521. https://doi.org/10.5325/transportationj.52.4.0493

Jani, D.; Han, H. 2014. Personality, satisfaction, image, ambience, and loyalty: Testing their relationships in the hotel industry, International Journal of Hospitality Management 37: 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.10.007

Jiang, X.; Mahadevan, S. 2009. Bayesian structural equation modeling method for hierarchical model validation, Reliability Engineering & System Safety 94(4): 796–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2008.08.008

Johnson, M. D.; Gustafsson, A.; Andreassen, T. W.; Lervik, L.; Cha, J. 2001. The evolution and future of national customer satisfaction index models, Journal of Economic Psychology 22(2): 217–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00030-7

Jomnonkwao, S.; Ratanavaraha, V.; Khampirat, B.; Meeyai, S.; Watthanaklang, D. 2015. Factors influencing customer loyalty to educational tour buses and measurement invariance across urban and rural zones, Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 11(8): 659–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2015.1060274

Jöreskog, K. G.; Sörbom, D. 1978. Causal Models with Latent Variables Especially for Longitudinal Data. Uppsala University, Sweden. 287 p.

Jun, M.; Cai, S.; Shin, H. 2006. TQM practice in maquiladora: antecedents of employee satisfaction and loyalty, Journal of Operations Management 24(6): 791–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2005.09.006

Kaiser, H. F. 1974. An index of factorial simplicity, Psychometrika 39(1): 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575

Kassinis, G. I.; Soteriou, A. C. 2003. Greening the service profit chain: the impact of environmental management practices, Production and Operations Management 12(3): 386–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2003.tb00210.x

Kaşmer, H. 2005. Müşteri ilişkileri yönetimi, müşteri memnuniyetinin arttırılmasına yönelik bir model çalışması ve deniz ulaşım sektöründe uygulanması. Yüksek lisans tezi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye. 264 s. (in Turkish).

Kim, H.-W.; Xu, Y.; Gupta, S. 2012. Which is more important in internet shopping, perceived price or trust?, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 11(3): 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2011.06.003

Kim, J.; Lee, J.; Han, K.; Lee, M. 2002. Businesses as buildings: metrics for the architectural quality of internet businesses, Information Systems Research 13(3): 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.13.3.239.79

Kim, M.-J.; Chung, N.; Lee, C.-K. 2011. The effect of perceived trust on electronic commerce: shopping online for tourism products and services in South Korea, Tourism management 32(2): 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.011

Kim, Y. G.; Suh, B. W.; Eves, A. 2010. The relationships between food-related personality traits, satisfaction, and loyalty among visitors attending food events and festivals, International Journal of Hospitality Management 29(2): 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.015

Korb, K. B.; Nicholson, A. E. 2010. Bayesian Artificial Intelligence. CRC Press. 491 p. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10391

Kuo, Y.-F.; Wu, C.-M.; Deng, W.-J. 2009. The relationships among service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and post-purchase intention in mobile value-added services, Computers in Human Behavior 25(4): 887–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.003

Lai, W.-T.; Chen, C.-F. 2011. Behavioral intentions of public transit passengers – the roles of service quality, perceived value, satisfaction and involvement, Transport Policy 18(2): 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.09.003

Lee, Y.-K.; Back, K.-J.; Kim, J.-Y. 2009. Family restaurant brand personality and its impact on customer’s emotion, satisfaction, and brand loyalty, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 33(3): 305–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009338511

Lee, Y.-K.; Lee, C.-K.; Lee, S.-K.; Babin, B. J. 2008. Festivalscapes and patrons’ emotions, satisfaction, and loyalty, Journal of Business Research 61(1): 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.05.009

Levesque, T.; McDougall, G. H. G. 1996. Determinants of customer satisfaction in retail banking, International Journal of Bank Marketing 14(7): 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652329610151340

Lewis, J. D.; Weigert, A. 1985. Trust as a social reality, Social Forces 63(4): 967–985. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578601

Li, X.; Zhang, Y.; Guo, F.; Gao, X.; Wang, Y. 2018. Predicting the effect of land use and climate change on stream macroinvertebrates based on the linkage between structural equation modeling and Bayesian network, Ecological Indicators 85: 820–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.044

Lin, G. T. R.; Sun, C. 2009. Factors influencing satisfaction and loyalty in online shopping: an integrated model, Online Information Review 33(3): 458–475. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684520910969907

Lin, H.-F.; Lee, G.-G. 2006. Determinants of success for online communities: an empirical study, Behaviour & Information Technology 25(6): 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290500330422

Lin, L.-Y.; Lu, C.-Y. 2010. The influence of corporate image, relationship marketing, and trust on purchase intention: the moderating effects of word‐of‐mouth, Tourism Review 65(3): 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371011083503

Liu, C.-T.; Guo, Y. M.; Lee, C.-H. 2011. The effects of relationship quality and switching barriers on customer loyalty, International Journal of Information Management 31(1): 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.05.008

Loureiro, S. M. C.; González, F. J. M. 2008. The importance of quality, satisfaction, trust, and image in relation to rural tourist loyalty, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 25(2): 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802402321

MacAllister, A. M. 2018. Investigating the Use of Bayesian Networks for Small Dataset Problems. PhD Dissertation. Iowa State University, Ames, IA, US. 118 p. Available from Internet: https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/30812

Martínez, P. 2015. Customer loyalty: exploring its antecedents from a green marketing perspective, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 27(5): 896–917. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2014-0115

Mengoli, C.; Andreis, S.; Scaggiante, R.; Cruciani, M.; Bosco, O.; Ferretto, R.; Leoni, D.; Maffongelli, G.; Basso, M.; Torti, C.; Sarmati, L.; Andreoni, M.; Palù, G.; Parisi, S. G. 2017. Structural equation modelling of viral tropism reveals its impact on achieving viral suppression within 6 months in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients after combination antiretroviral therapy, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 72(1): 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw348

Minser, J.; Webb, V. 2010. Quantifying the benefits: application of customer loyalty modeling in public transportation context, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2144: 111–120. https://doi.org/10.3141/2144-13

Mohamad, N. 2022. The influence of service quality on tourist loyalty: a case of electric train services, International Journal of Knowledge Management in Tourism and Hospitality 2(4): 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKMTH.2022.124084

Mollenkopf, D. A.; Rabinovich, E.; Laseter, T. M.; Boyer, K. K. 2007. Managing internet product returns: a focus on effective service operations, Decision Sciences 38(2): 215–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2007.00157.x

Mustonen, N.; Karjaluoto, H.; Jayawardhena, C. 2016. Customer environmental values and their contribution to loyalty in industrial markets, Business Strategy and the Environment 25(7): 512–528. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1882

Nam, J.; Ekinci, Y.; Whyatt, G. 2011. Brand equity, brand loyalty and consumer satisfaction, Annals of Tourism Research 38(3): 1009–1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.015

Nunnally, J. C. 1994. Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill. 736 p.

Parahoo, S. K.; Harvey, H. L.; Radi, G. Y. A. 2014. Satisfaction of tourists with public transport: an empirical investigation in Dubai, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 31(8): 1004–1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.890158

Park, J.-W.; Robertson, R.; Wu, C.-L. 2006. Modelling the impact of airline service quality and marketing variables on passengers’ future behavioural intentions, Transportation Planning and Technology 29(5): 359–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060600917686

Pearl, J. 1985. Bayesian networks: a model of self-activated memory for evidential reasoning, in Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, University of California, 15–17 April 1985, Irvine, CA, US, 329–334.

Pegolo, S.; Momen, M.; Morota, G.; Rosa, G. J. M.; Gianola, D.; Bittante, G.; Cecchinato, A. 2020. Structural equation modeling for investigating multi-trait genetic architecture of udder health in dairy cattle, Scientific Reports 10: 7751. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64575-3

Pereira, H. G.; Salgueiro, M. F.; Rita, P. 2016. Online purchase determinants of loyalty: the mediating effect of satisfaction in tourism, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 30: 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.01.003

Rauyruen, P.; Miller, K. E. 2007. Relationship quality as a predictor of B2B customer loyalty, Journal of Business Research 60(1): 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.11.006

Raykov, T.; Marcoulides, G. A. 2008. An Introduction to Applied Multivariate Analysis. Routledge. 496 p. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203809532

Reed, D. A. 1988. The use of Bayes networks in evaluating structural safety, Civil Engineering Systems 5(2): 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02630258808970510

Ropero, R. F.; Renooij, S.; Van der Gaag, L. C. 2018. Discretizing environmental data for learning Bayesian-network classifiers, Ecological Modelling 368: 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.12.015

Ryu, K.; Han, H. 2011. New or repeat customers: How does physical environment influence their restaurant experience?, International Journal of Hospitality Management 30(3): 599–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.11.004

Ryu, K.; Lee, H.; Gon Kim, W. 2012. The influence of the quality of the physical environment, food, and service on restaurant image, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 24(2): 200–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111211206141

Sakellaropoulos, G.; Nikiforidis, G. 2000. Prognostic performance of two expert systems based on Bayesian belief networks, Decision Support Systems 27(4): 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9236(99)00059-7

Sayil, E. M.; Akyol, A.; Golbasi Simsek, G. 2019. An integrative approach to relationship marketing, customer value, and customer outcomes in the retail banking industry: a customer-based perspective from Turkey, The Service Industries Journal 39(5–6): 420–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1516755

Schlesinger, W.; Cervera, A.; Pérez-Cabañero, C. 2017. Sticking with your university: the importance of satisfaction, trust, image, and shared values, Studies in Higher Education 42(12): 2178–2194. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1136613

Scutari, M. 2010. Learning Bayesian networks with the bnlearn R package, Journal of Statistical Software 35(3): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v035.i03

Shen, W.; Xiao, W.; Wang, X. 2016. Passenger satisfaction evaluation model for urban rail transit: a structural equation modeling based on partial least squares, Transport Policy 46: 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.10.006

Shiu, E.; Walsh, G.; Hassan, L. M.; Parry, S. 2015. The direct and moderating influences of individual-level cultural values within web engagement: a multi-country analysis of a public information website, Journal of Business Research 68(3): 534–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.09.009

Sirdeshmukh, D.; Singh, J.; Sabol, B. 2002. Consumer trust, value, and loyalty in relational exchanges, Journal of Marketing 66(1): 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.1.15.18449

Sirohi, N.; McLaughlin, E. W.; Wittink, D. R. 1998. A model of consumer perceptions and store loyalty intentions for a supermarket retailer, Journal of Retailing 74(2): 223–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(99)80094-3

Spirtes, P.; Glymour, C.; Scheines, R. 2001. Causation, Prediction, and Search. MIT Press. 568 p.

Su, L.; Hsu, M. K.; Swanson, S. 2017. The effect of tourist relationship perception on destination loyalty at a world heritage site in China: the mediating role of overall destination satisfaction and trust, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 41(2): 180–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014525630

Suh, J.-C.; Youjae, Y. 2006. When brand attitudes affect the customer satisfaction-loyalty relation: the moderating role of product involvement, Journal of Consumer Psychology 16(2): 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1602_5

Sun, X.; Chi, C. G.-Q.; Xu, H. 2013. Developing destination loyalty: the case of Hainan island, Annals of Tourism Research 43: 547–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.04.006

Swaen, V.; Chumpitaz, R. C. 2008. Impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer trust, Recherche et Applications En Marketing (English Edition) 23(4): 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/205157070802300402

Tao, C.-C.; Fan, C.-C. 2017. A modified decomposed theory of planned behaviour model to analyze user intention towards distance-based electronic toll collection services, Promet – Traffic & Transportation 29(1): 85–97. https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i1.2076

Teng, C.-I. 2010. Customization, immersion satisfaction, and online gamer loyalty, Computers in Human Behavior 26(6): 1547–1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.029

Tonda, A.; Lutton, E.; Squillero, G.; Wuillemin, P.-H. 2013. A memetic approach to Bayesian network structure learning, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7835: 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37192-9_11

Töpner, K.; Rosa, G. J. M.; Gianola, D.; Schön, C.-C. 2017. Bayesian networks illustrate genomic and residual trait connections in maize (Zea mays L.), G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 7(8): 2779–2789. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.117.044263

Wallin Andreassen, T.; Lindestad, B. 1998. Customer loyalty and complex services: the impact of corporate image on quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty for customers with varying degrees of service expertise, International Journal of Service Industry Management 9(1): 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239810199923

Walsh, G.; Shiu, E.; Hassan, L. M.; Michaelidou, N.; Beatty, S. E. 2011. Emotions, store-environmental cues, store-choice criteria, and marketing outcomes, Journal of Business Research 64(7): 737–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.07.008

Wen, C.-H.; Lan, L. W.; Cheng, H.-L. 2005. Structural equation modeling to determine passenger loyalty toward intercity bus services, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927: 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700128

Wu, K.; Vassileva, J.; Noorian, Z.; Zhao, Y. 2015a. How do you feel when you see a list of prices? The interplay among price dispersion, perceived risk and initial trust in Chinese C2C market, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 25: 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.03.007

Wu, S. R.; Chen, J.; Apul, D.; Fan, P.; Yan, Y.; Fan, Y.; Zhou, P. 2015b. Causality in social life cycle impact assessment (SLCIA), The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 20(9): 1312–1323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0915-6

Xu, X.; Lu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, H. 2020. Improving service quality of metro systems – a case study in the Beijing metro, IEEE Access 8: 12573–12591. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2965990

Xu, X.-F.; Sun, J.; Nie, H.-T.; Yuan, D.-K.; Tao, J.-H. 2016. Linking structural equation modeling with Bayesian network and its application to coastal phytoplankton dynamics in the Bohai bay, China Ocean Engineering 30(5): 733–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-016-0047-1

Yalçin, İ.; Koçak, S. 2009. Niğde devlet hastanesinde müşteri memnuniyeti üzerine bir araştırma, Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 2(2): 19–41. (in Turkish).

Yee, R. W. Y.; Yeung, A. C. L.; Cheng, T. C. E. 2010. An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry, International Journal of Production Economics 124(1): 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.10.015

Yilmaz, V.; Ari, E. 2017. The effects of service quality, image, and customer satisfaction on customer complaints and loyalty in high-speed rail service in Turkey: a proposal of the structural equation model, Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 13(1): 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2016.1209255

Yoo, C.; Oh, S. 2013. Combining structure equation model with Bayesian networks for predicting with high accuracy of recommending surgery for better survival in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients, in 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013), 1–6 December 2013, Adelaide, Australia, 2029–2033. https://doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.i4.yoo3

Yoo, K. 2018. Probabilistic SEM: an Augmentation to Classical Structural Equation Modelling. MSc Dissertation. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. 89 p. Available from Internet: https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/66521

Yoon, Y.-S.; Lee, J.-S.; Lee, C.-K. 2010. Measuring festival quality and value affecting visitors’ satisfaction and loyalty using a structural approach, International Journal of Hospitality Management 29(2): 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.002

Yoon, Y.; Uysal, M. 2005. An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model, Tourism Management 26(1): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016

Yüksel, A.; Yüksel, F. 2007. Shopping risk perceptions: Effects on tourists’ emotions, satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions, Tourism Management 28(3): 703–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.025

Zeithaml, V. A. 1988. Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence, Journal of Marketing 52(3): 2–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251446

Zhang, C.; Liu, Y.; Lu, W.; Xiao, G. 2019. Evaluating passenger satisfaction index based on PLS-SEM model: evidence from Chinese public transport service, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 120: 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.12.013

Zheng, Z.; Pavlou, P. A. 2010. Toward a causal interpretation from observational data: a new Bayesian networks method for structural models with latent variables, Information Systems Research 21(2): 365–391. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1080.0224

Zhou, T.; Lu, Y. 2011. Examining mobile instant messaging user loyalty from the perspectives of network externalities and flow experience, Computers in Human Behavior 27(2): 883–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.11.013

Zhu, J. Y.; Deshmukh, A. 2003. Application of Bayesian decision networks to life cycle engineering in green design and manufacturing, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 16(2): 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-1976(03)00057-5